ACPI on ARMv8 Servers
  ---------------------
  ACPI can be used for ARMv8 general purpose servers designed to follow
  the ARM SBSA (Server Base System Architecture) [0] and SBBR (Server
  Base Boot Requirements) [1] specifications.  Please note that the SBBR
  can be retrieved simply by visiting [1], but the SBSA is currently only
  available to those with an ARM login due to ARM IP licensing concerns.
  
  The ARMv8 kernel implements the reduced hardware model of ACPI version
  5.1 or later.  Links to the specification and all external documents
  it refers to are managed by the UEFI Forum.  The specification is
  available at http://www.uefi.org/specifications and documents referenced
  by the specification can be found via http://www.uefi.org/acpi.
  
  If an ARMv8 system does not meet the requirements of the SBSA and SBBR,
  or cannot be described using the mechanisms defined in the required ACPI
  specifications, then ACPI may not be a good fit for the hardware.
  
  While the documents mentioned above set out the requirements for building
  industry-standard ARMv8 servers, they also apply to more than one operating
  system.  The purpose of this document is to describe the interaction between
  ACPI and Linux only, on an ARMv8 system -- that is, what Linux expects of
  ACPI and what ACPI can expect of Linux.
  
  
  Why ACPI on ARM?
  ----------------
  Before examining the details of the interface between ACPI and Linux, it is
  useful to understand why ACPI is being used.  Several technologies already
  exist in Linux for describing non-enumerable hardware, after all.  In this
  section we summarize a blog post [2] from Grant Likely that outlines the
  reasoning behind ACPI on ARMv8 servers.  Actually, we snitch a good portion
  of the summary text almost directly, to be honest.
  
  The short form of the rationale for ACPI on ARM is:
  
  -- ACPI’s bytecode (AML) allows the platform to encode hardware behavior,
     while DT explicitly does not support this.  For hardware vendors, being
     able to encode behavior is a key tool used in supporting operating
     system releases on new hardware.
  
  -- ACPI’s OSPM defines a power management model that constrains what the
     platform is allowed to do into a specific model, while still providing
     flexibility in hardware design.
  
  -- In the enterprise server environment, ACPI has established bindings (such
     as for RAS) which are currently used in production systems.  DT does not.
     Such bindings could be defined in DT at some point, but doing so means ARM
     and x86 would end up using completely different code paths in both firmware
     and the kernel.
  
  -- Choosing a single interface to describe the abstraction between a platform
     and an OS is important.  Hardware vendors would not be required to implement
     both DT and ACPI if they want to support multiple operating systems.  And,
     agreeing on a single interface instead of being fragmented into per OS
     interfaces makes for better interoperability overall.
  
  -- The new ACPI governance process works well and Linux is now at the same
     table as hardware vendors and other OS vendors.  In fact, there is no
     longer any reason to feel that ACPI is only belongs to Windows or that
     Linux is in any way secondary to Microsoft in this arena.  The move of
     ACPI governance into the UEFI forum has significantly opened up the
     specification development process, and currently, a large portion of the
     changes being made to ACPI is being driven by Linux.
  
  Key to the use of ACPI is the support model.  For servers in general, the
  responsibility for hardware behaviour cannot solely be the domain of the
  kernel, but rather must be split between the platform and the kernel, in
  order to allow for orderly change over time.  ACPI frees the OS from needing
  to understand all the minute details of the hardware so that the OS doesn’t
  need to be ported to each and every device individually.  It allows the
  hardware vendors to take responsibility for power management behaviour without
  depending on an OS release cycle which is not under their control.
  
  ACPI is also important because hardware and OS vendors have already worked
  out the mechanisms for supporting a general purpose computing ecosystem.  The
  infrastructure is in place, the bindings are in place, and the processes are
  in place.  DT does exactly what Linux needs it to when working with vertically
  integrated devices, but there are no good processes for supporting what the
  server vendors need.  Linux could potentially get there with DT, but doing so
  really just duplicates something that already works.  ACPI already does what
  the hardware vendors need, Microsoft won’t collaborate on DT, and hardware
  vendors would still end up providing two completely separate firmware
  interfaces -- one for Linux and one for Windows.
  
  
  Kernel Compatibility
  --------------------
  One of the primary motivations for ACPI is standardization, and using that
  to provide backward compatibility for Linux kernels.  In the server market,
  software and hardware are often used for long periods.  ACPI allows the
  kernel and firmware to agree on a consistent abstraction that can be
  maintained over time, even as hardware or software change.  As long as the
  abstraction is supported, systems can be updated without necessarily having
  to replace the kernel.
  
  When a Linux driver or subsystem is first implemented using ACPI, it by
  definition ends up requiring a specific version of the ACPI specification
  -- it's baseline.  ACPI firmware must continue to work, even though it may
  not be optimal, with the earliest kernel version that first provides support
  for that baseline version of ACPI.  There may be a need for additional drivers,
  but adding new functionality (e.g., CPU power management) should not break
  older kernel versions.  Further, ACPI firmware must also work with the most
  recent version of the kernel.
  
  
  Relationship with Device Tree
  -----------------------------
  ACPI support in drivers and subsystems for ARMv8 should never be mutually
  exclusive with DT support at compile time.
  
  At boot time the kernel will only use one description method depending on
  parameters passed from the bootloader (including kernel bootargs).
  
  Regardless of whether DT or ACPI is used, the kernel must always be capable
  of booting with either scheme (in kernels with both schemes enabled at compile
  time).
  
  
  Booting using ACPI tables
  -------------------------
  The only defined method for passing ACPI tables to the kernel on ARMv8
  is via the UEFI system configuration table.  Just so it is explicit, this
  means that ACPI is only supported on platforms that boot via UEFI.
  
  When an ARMv8 system boots, it can either have DT information, ACPI tables,
  or in some very unusual cases, both.  If no command line parameters are used,
  the kernel will try to use DT for device enumeration; if there is no DT
  present, the kernel will try to use ACPI tables, but only if they are present.
  In neither is available, the kernel will not boot.  If acpi=force is used
  on the command line, the kernel will attempt to use ACPI tables first, but
  fall back to DT if there are no ACPI tables present.  The basic idea is that
  the kernel will not fail to boot unless it absolutely has no other choice.
  
  Processing of ACPI tables may be disabled by passing acpi=off on the kernel
  command line; this is the default behavior.
  
  In order for the kernel to load and use ACPI tables, the UEFI implementation
  MUST set the ACPI_20_TABLE_GUID to point to the RSDP table (the table with
  the ACPI signature "RSD PTR ").  If this pointer is incorrect and acpi=force
  is used, the kernel will disable ACPI and try to use DT to boot instead; the
  kernel has, in effect, determined that ACPI tables are not present at that
  point.
  
  If the pointer to the RSDP table is correct, the table will be mapped into
  the kernel by the ACPI core, using the address provided by UEFI.
  
  The ACPI core will then locate and map in all other ACPI tables provided by
  using the addresses in the RSDP table to find the XSDT (eXtended System
  Description Table).  The XSDT in turn provides the addresses to all other
  ACPI tables provided by the system firmware; the ACPI core will then traverse
  this table and map in the tables listed.
  
  The ACPI core will ignore any provided RSDT (Root System Description Table).
  RSDTs have been deprecated and are ignored on arm64 since they only allow
  for 32-bit addresses.
  
  Further, the ACPI core will only use the 64-bit address fields in the FADT
  (Fixed ACPI Description Table).  Any 32-bit address fields in the FADT will
  be ignored on arm64.
  
  Hardware reduced mode (see Section 4.1 of the ACPI 5.1 specification) will
  be enforced by the ACPI core on arm64.  Doing so allows the ACPI core to
  run less complex code since it no longer has to provide support for legacy
  hardware from other architectures.  Any fields that are not to be used for
  hardware reduced mode must be set to zero.
  
  For the ACPI core to operate properly, and in turn provide the information
  the kernel needs to configure devices, it expects to find the following
  tables (all section numbers refer to the ACPI 5.1 specfication):
  
      -- RSDP (Root System Description Pointer), section 5.2.5
  
      -- XSDT (eXtended System Description Table), section 5.2.8
  
      -- FADT (Fixed ACPI Description Table), section 5.2.9
  
      -- DSDT (Differentiated System Description Table), section
         5.2.11.1
  
      -- MADT (Multiple APIC Description Table), section 5.2.12
  
      -- GTDT (Generic Timer Description Table), section 5.2.24
  
      -- If PCI is supported, the MCFG (Memory mapped ConFiGuration
         Table), section 5.2.6, specifically Table 5-31.
  
  If the above tables are not all present, the kernel may or may not be
  able to boot properly since it may not be able to configure all of the
  devices available.
  
  
  ACPI Detection
  --------------
  Drivers should determine their probe() type by checking for a null
  value for ACPI_HANDLE, or checking .of_node, or other information in
  the device structure.  This is detailed further in the "Driver
  Recommendations" section.
  
  In non-driver code, if the presence of ACPI needs to be detected at
  runtime, then check the value of acpi_disabled. If CONFIG_ACPI is not
  set, acpi_disabled will always be 1.
  
  
  Device Enumeration
  ------------------
  Device descriptions in ACPI should use standard recognized ACPI interfaces.
  These may contain less information than is typically provided via a Device
  Tree description for the same device.  This is also one of the reasons that
  ACPI can be useful -- the driver takes into account that it may have less
  detailed information about the device and uses sensible defaults instead.
  If done properly in the driver, the hardware can change and improve over
  time without the driver having to change at all.
  
  Clocks provide an excellent example.  In DT, clocks need to be specified
  and the drivers need to take them into account.  In ACPI, the assumption
  is that UEFI will leave the device in a reasonable default state, including
  any clock settings.  If for some reason the driver needs to change a clock
  value, this can be done in an ACPI method; all the driver needs to do is
  invoke the method and not concern itself with what the method needs to do
  to change the clock.  Changing the hardware can then take place over time
  by changing what the ACPI method does, and not the driver.
  
  In DT, the parameters needed by the driver to set up clocks as in the example
  above are known as "bindings"; in ACPI, these are known as "Device Properties"
  and provided to a driver via the _DSD object.
  
  ACPI tables are described with a formal language called ASL, the ACPI
  Source Language (section 19 of the specification).  This means that there
  are always multiple ways to describe the same thing -- including device
  properties.  For example, device properties could use an ASL construct
  that looks like this: Name(KEY0, "value0").  An ACPI device driver would
  then retrieve the value of the property by evaluating the KEY0 object.
  However, using Name() this way has multiple problems: (1) ACPI limits
  names ("KEY0") to four characters unlike DT; (2) there is no industry
  wide registry that maintains a list of names, minimzing re-use; (3)
  there is also no registry for the definition of property values ("value0"),
  again making re-use difficult; and (4) how does one maintain backward
  compatibility as new hardware comes out?  The _DSD method was created
  to solve precisely these sorts of problems; Linux drivers should ALWAYS
  use the _DSD method for device properties and nothing else.
  
  The _DSM object (ACPI Section 9.14.1) could also be used for conveying
  device properties to a driver.  Linux drivers should only expect it to
  be used if _DSD cannot represent the data required, and there is no way
  to create a new UUID for the _DSD object.  Note that there is even less
  regulation of the use of _DSM than there is of _DSD.  Drivers that depend
  on the contents of _DSM objects will be more difficult to maintain over
  time because of this; as of this writing, the use of _DSM is the cause
  of quite a few firmware problems and is not recommended.
  
  Drivers should look for device properties in the _DSD object ONLY; the _DSD
  object is described in the ACPI specification section 6.2.5, but this only
  describes how to define the structure of an object returned via _DSD, and
  how specific data structures are defined by specific UUIDs.  Linux should
  only use the _DSD Device Properties UUID [5]:
  
     -- UUID: daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301
  
     -- http://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/_DSD-device-properties-UUID.pdf
  
  The UEFI Forum provides a mechanism for registering device properties [4]
  so that they may be used across all operating systems supporting ACPI.
  Device properties that have not been registered with the UEFI Forum should
  not be used.
  
  Before creating new device properties, check to be sure that they have not
  been defined before and either registered in the Linux kernel documentation
  as DT bindings, or the UEFI Forum as device properties.  While we do not want
  to simply move all DT bindings into ACPI device properties, we can learn from
  what has been previously defined.
  
  If it is necessary to define a new device property, or if it makes sense to
  synthesize the definition of a binding so it can be used in any firmware,
  both DT bindings and ACPI device properties for device drivers have review
  processes.  Use them both.  When the driver itself is submitted for review
  to the Linux mailing lists, the device property definitions needed must be
  submitted at the same time.  A driver that supports ACPI and uses device
  properties will not be considered complete without their definitions.  Once
  the device property has been accepted by the Linux community, it must be
  registered with the UEFI Forum [4], which will review it again for consistency
  within the registry.  This may require iteration.  The UEFI Forum, though,
  will always be the canonical site for device property definitions.
  
  It may make sense to provide notice to the UEFI Forum that there is the
  intent to register a previously unused device property name as a means of
  reserving the name for later use.  Other operating system vendors will
  also be submitting registration requests and this may help smooth the
  process.
  
  Once registration and review have been completed, the kernel provides an
  interface for looking up device properties in a manner independent of
  whether DT or ACPI is being used.  This API should be used [6]; it can
  eliminate some duplication of code paths in driver probing functions and
  discourage divergence between DT bindings and ACPI device properties.
  
  
  Programmable Power Control Resources
  ------------------------------------
  Programmable power control resources include such resources as voltage/current
  providers (regulators) and clock sources.
  
  With ACPI, the kernel clock and regulator framework is not expected to be used
  at all.
  
  The kernel assumes that power control of these resources is represented with
  Power Resource Objects (ACPI section 7.1).  The ACPI core will then handle
  correctly enabling and disabling resources as they are needed.  In order to
  get that to work, ACPI assumes each device has defined D-states and that these
  can be controlled through the optional ACPI methods _PS0, _PS1, _PS2, and _PS3;
  in ACPI, _PS0 is the method to invoke to turn a device full on, and _PS3 is for
  turning a device full off.
  
  There are two options for using those Power Resources.  They can:
  
     -- be managed in a _PSx method which gets called on entry to power
        state Dx.
  
     -- be declared separately as power resources with their own _ON and _OFF
        methods.  They are then tied back to D-states for a particular device
        via _PRx which specifies which power resources a device needs to be on
        while in Dx.  Kernel then tracks number of devices using a power resource
        and calls _ON/_OFF as needed.
  
  The kernel ACPI code will also assume that the _PSx methods follow the normal
  ACPI rules for such methods:
  
     -- If either _PS0 or _PS3 is implemented, then the other method must also
        be implemented.
  
     -- If a device requires usage or setup of a power resource when on, the ASL
        should organize that it is allocated/enabled using the _PS0 method.
  
     -- Resources allocated or enabled in the _PS0 method should be disabled
        or de-allocated in the _PS3 method.
  
     -- Firmware will leave the resources in a reasonable state before handing
        over control to the kernel.
  
  Such code in _PSx methods will of course be very platform specific.  But,
  this allows the driver to abstract out the interface for operating the device
  and avoid having to read special non-standard values from ACPI tables. Further,
  abstracting the use of these resources allows the hardware to change over time
  without requiring updates to the driver.
  
  
  Clocks
  ------
  ACPI makes the assumption that clocks are initialized by the firmware --
  UEFI, in this case -- to some working value before control is handed over
  to the kernel.  This has implications for devices such as UARTs, or SoC-driven
  LCD displays, for example.
  
  When the kernel boots, the clocks are assumed to be set to reasonable
  working values.  If for some reason the frequency needs to change -- e.g.,
  throttling for power management -- the device driver should expect that
  process to be abstracted out into some ACPI method that can be invoked
  (please see the ACPI specification for further recommendations on standard
  methods to be expected).  The only exceptions to this are CPU clocks where
  CPPC provides a much richer interface than ACPI methods.  If the clocks
  are not set, there is no direct way for Linux to control them.
  
  If an SoC vendor wants to provide fine-grained control of the system clocks,
  they could do so by providing ACPI methods that could be invoked by Linux
  drivers.  However, this is NOT recommended and Linux drivers should NOT use
  such methods, even if they are provided.  Such methods are not currently
  standardized in the ACPI specification, and using them could tie a kernel
  to a very specific SoC, or tie an SoC to a very specific version of the
  kernel, both of which we are trying to avoid.
  
  
  Driver Recommendations
  ----------------------
  DO NOT remove any DT handling when adding ACPI support for a driver.  The
  same device may be used on many different systems.
  
  DO try to structure the driver so that it is data-driven.  That is, set up
  a struct containing internal per-device state based on defaults and whatever
  else must be discovered by the driver probe function.  Then, have the rest
  of the driver operate off of the contents of that struct.  Doing so should
  allow most divergence between ACPI and DT functionality to be kept local to
  the probe function instead of being scattered throughout the driver.  For
  example:
  
  static int device_probe_dt(struct platform_device *pdev)
  {
         /* DT specific functionality */
         ...
  }
  
  static int device_probe_acpi(struct platform_device *pdev)
  {
         /* ACPI specific functionality */
         ...
  }
  
  static int device_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
  {
         ...
         struct device_node node = pdev->dev.of_node;
         ...
  
         if (node)
                 ret = device_probe_dt(pdev);
         else if (ACPI_HANDLE(&pdev->dev))
                 ret = device_probe_acpi(pdev);
         else
                 /* other initialization */
                 ...
         /* Continue with any generic probe operations */
         ...
  }
  
  DO keep the MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE entries together in the driver to make it
  clear the different names the driver is probed for, both from DT and from
  ACPI:
  
  static struct of_device_id virtio_mmio_match[] = {
          { .compatible = "virtio,mmio", },
          { }
  };
  MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, virtio_mmio_match);
  
  static const struct acpi_device_id virtio_mmio_acpi_match[] = {
          { "LNRO0005", },
          { }
  };
  MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(acpi, virtio_mmio_acpi_match);
  
  
  ASWG
  ----
  The ACPI specification changes regularly.  During the year 2014, for instance,
  version 5.1 was released and version 6.0 substantially completed, with most of
  the changes being driven by ARM-specific requirements.  Proposed changes are
  presented and discussed in the ASWG (ACPI Specification Working Group) which
  is a part of the UEFI Forum.
  
  Participation in this group is open to all UEFI members.  Please see
  http://www.uefi.org/workinggroup for details on group membership.
  
  It is the intent of the ARMv8 ACPI kernel code to follow the ACPI specification
  as closely as possible, and to only implement functionality that complies with
  the released standards from UEFI ASWG.  As a practical matter, there will be
  vendors that provide bad ACPI tables or violate the standards in some way.
  If this is because of errors, quirks and fixups may be necessary, but will
  be avoided if possible.  If there are features missing from ACPI that preclude
  it from being used on a platform, ECRs (Engineering Change Requests) should be
  submitted to ASWG and go through the normal approval process; for those that
  are not UEFI members, many other members of the Linux community are and would
  likely be willing to assist in submitting ECRs.
  
  
  Linux Code
  ----------
  Individual items specific to Linux on ARM, contained in the the Linux
  source code, are in the list that follows:
  
  ACPI_OS_NAME           This macro defines the string to be returned when
                         an ACPI method invokes the _OS method.  On ARM64
                         systems, this macro will be "Linux" by default.
                         The command line parameter acpi_os=<string>
                         can be used to set it to some other value.  The
                         default value for other architectures is "Microsoft
                         Windows NT", for example.
  
  ACPI Objects
  ------------
  Detailed expectations for ACPI tables and object are listed in the file
  Documentation/arm64/acpi_object_usage.txt.
  
  
  References
  ----------
  [0] http://silver.arm.com -- document ARM-DEN-0029, or newer
      "Server Base System Architecture", version 2.3, dated 27 Mar 2014
  
  [1] http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.den0044a/Server_Base_Boot_Requirements.pdf
      Document ARM-DEN-0044A, or newer: "Server Base Boot Requirements, System
      Software on ARM Platforms", dated 16 Aug 2014
  
  [2] http://www.secretlab.ca/archives/151, 10 Jan 2015, Copyright (c) 2015,
      Linaro Ltd., written by Grant Likely.  A copy of the verbatim text (apart
      from formatting) is also in Documentation/arm64/why_use_acpi.txt.
  
  [3] AMD ACPI for Seattle platform documentation:
      http://amd-dev.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/Seattle_ACPI_Guide.pdf
  
  [4] http://www.uefi.org/acpi -- please see the link for the "ACPI _DSD Device
      Property Registry Instructions"
  
  [5] http://www.uefi.org/acpi -- please see the link for the "_DSD (Device
      Specific Data) Implementation Guide"
  
  [6] Kernel code for the unified device property interface can be found in
      include/linux/property.h and drivers/base/property.c.
  
  
  Authors
  -------
  Al Stone <al.stone@linaro.org>
  Graeme Gregory <graeme.gregory@linaro.org>
  Hanjun Guo <hanjun.guo@linaro.org>
  
  Grant Likely <grant.likely@linaro.org>, for the "Why ACPI on ARM?" section