Kernel Parameters
                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  
  The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented
  (mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order
  (defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a
  case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
  
  Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the
  parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:
  
  	modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
  
  Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image
  are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
  '.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:
  
  	usbcore.blinkenlights=1
  
  Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
  	log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
  can also be entered as
  	log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
  
  
  This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
  "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
  module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
  reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
  parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
  "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
  
  The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
  enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
  the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
  parameter is applicable:
  
  	ACPI	ACPI support is enabled.
  	AGP	AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
  	ALSA	ALSA sound support is enabled.
  	APIC	APIC support is enabled.
  	APM	Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
  	ARM	ARM architecture is enabled.
  	AVR32	AVR32 architecture is enabled.
  	AX25	Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
  	BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
  	CLK	Common clock infrastructure is enabled.
  	CMA	Contiguous Memory Area support is enabled.
  	DRM	Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
  	DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
  	EDD	BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
  	EFI	EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
  	EIDE	EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
  	EVM	Extended Verification Module
  	FB	The frame buffer device is enabled.
  	FTRACE	Function tracing enabled.
  	GCOV	GCOV profiling is enabled.
  	HW	Appropriate hardware is enabled.
  	IA-64	IA-64 architecture is enabled.
  	IMA     Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
  	IOSCHED	More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
  	IP_PNP	IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
  	IPV6	IPv6 support is enabled.
  	ISAPNP	ISA PnP code is enabled.
  	ISDN	Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
  	JOY	Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
  	KGDB	Kernel debugger support is enabled.
  	KVM	Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
  	LIBATA  Libata driver is enabled
  	LP	Printer support is enabled.
  	LOOP	Loopback device support is enabled.
  	M68k	M68k architecture is enabled.
  			These options have more detailed description inside of
  			Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
  	MDA	MDA console support is enabled.
  	MIPS	MIPS architecture is enabled.
  	MOUSE	Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
  	MSI	Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
  	MTD	MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
  	NET	Appropriate network support is enabled.
  	NUMA	NUMA support is enabled.
  	NFS	Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
  	OSS	OSS sound support is enabled.
  	PV_OPS	A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
  	PARIDE	The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
  	PARISC	The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
  	PCI	PCI bus support is enabled.
  	PCIE	PCI Express support is enabled.
  	PCMCIA	The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
  	PNP	Plug & Play support is enabled.
  	PPC	PowerPC architecture is enabled.
  	PPT	Parallel port support is enabled.
  	PS2	Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
  	RAM	RAM disk support is enabled.
  	S390	S390 architecture is enabled.
  	SCSI	Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
  			A lot of drivers have their options described inside
  			the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
  	SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
  	SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
  	APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
  	SERIAL	Serial support is enabled.
  	SH	SuperH architecture is enabled.
  	SMP	The kernel is an SMP kernel.
  	SPARC	Sparc architecture is enabled.
  	SWSUSP	Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
  	SUSPEND	System suspend states are enabled.
  	TPM	TPM drivers are enabled.
  	TS	Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
  	UMS	USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
  	USB	USB support is enabled.
  	USBHID	USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
  	V4L	Video For Linux support is enabled.
  	VMMIO   Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
  	VGA	The VGA console has been enabled.
  	VT	Virtual terminal support is enabled.
  	WDT	Watchdog support is enabled.
  	XT	IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
  	X86-32	X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
  	X86-64	X86-64 architecture is enabled.
  			More X86-64 boot options can be found in
  			Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
  	X86	Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
  	XEN	Xen support is enabled
  
  In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
  
  	BUGS=	Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
  	KNL	Is a kernel start-up parameter.
  	BOOT	Is a boot loader parameter.
  
  Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
  loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
  Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
  need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
  
  There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
  See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
  
  Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
  a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
  be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
  it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
  running once the system is up.
  
  The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
  complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
  a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
  and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
  ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
  
  Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
  parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
  multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
  bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
  
  
  	acpi=		[HW,ACPI,X86]
  			Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
  			Format: { force | off | strict | noirq | rsdt }
  			force -- enable ACPI if default was off
  			off -- disable ACPI if default was on
  			noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
  			strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
  				strictly ACPI specification compliant.
  			rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
  			copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
  
  			See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
  
  	acpi_rsdp=	[ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
  			Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
  			on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
  			second kernel for kdump.
  
  	acpi_apic_instance=	[ACPI, IOAPIC]
  			Format: <int>
  			2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
  			1,0: use 1st APIC table
  			default: 0
  
  	acpi_backlight=	[HW,ACPI]
  			acpi_backlight=vendor
  			acpi_backlight=video
  			If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
  			(e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
  			of the ACPI video.ko driver.
  
  	acpi.debug_layer=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
  	acpi.debug_level=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
  			Format: <int>
  			CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
  			debug output.  Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
  			_COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
  			    #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
  			Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
  			ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
  			    ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
  			The debug_level mask defaults to "info".  See
  			Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
  			debug layers and levels.
  
  			Enable processor driver info messages:
  			    acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
  			Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
  			    acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
  			Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
  			object while interpreting AML:
  			    acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
  			Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
  			    acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
  
  			Some values produce so much output that the system is
  			unusable.  The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
  			if you need to capture more output.
  
  	acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
  			ACPI will balance active IRQs
  			default in APIC mode
  
  	acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
  			ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
  			default in PIC mode
  
  	acpi_irq_isa=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
  			Format: <irq>,<irq>...
  
  	acpi_irq_pci=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
  			use by PCI
  			Format: <irq>,<irq>...
  
  	acpi_no_auto_ssdt	[HW,ACPI] Disable automatic loading of SSDT
  
  	acpi_os_name=	[HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
  			Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
  
  	acpi_osi=	[HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
  			acpi_osi="string1"	# add string1
  			acpi_osi="!string2"	# remove string2
  			acpi_osi=!*		# remove all strings
  			acpi_osi=!		# disable all built-in OS vendor
  						  strings
  			acpi_osi=		# disable all strings
  
  			'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
  			multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
  			vendor string(s).  Note that such command can only
  			affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
  			it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
  			strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
  			specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
  			is meaningless.  This command is useful when one do not
  			care about the state of the feature group strings which
  			should be controlled by the OSPM.
  			Examples:
  			  1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
  			     to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
  			     can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
  
  			'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
  			'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
  			exist in the ACPI namespace.  NOTE that such command can
  			only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
  			multiple times through kernel command line is also
  			meaningless.
  			Examples:
  			  1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
  			     FALSE.
  
  			'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
  			multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
  			string(s).  Note that such command can affect the
  			current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
  			feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
  			through kernel command line is meaningful.  But it may
  			still not able to affect the final state of a string if
  			there are quirks related to this string.  This command
  			is useful when one want to control the state of the
  			feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
  			the OSPM features.
  			Examples:
  			  1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
  			     '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
  			  2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
  			     '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
  			  3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
  			     equivalent to
  			     'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
  			     and
  			     'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
  			     they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
  
  	acpi_pm_good	[X86]
  			Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
  			to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
  			and always returns good values.
  
  	acpi_sci=	[HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
  			Format: { level | edge | high | low }
  
  	acpi_serialize	[HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
  
  	acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
  			Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
  			For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
  
  	acpi_sleep=	[HW,ACPI] Sleep options
  			Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
  				  old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
  			See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
  			s3_bios and s3_mode.
  			s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
  			as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
  			s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
  			used during resume from hibernation.
  			old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
  			control method, with respect to putting devices into
  			low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
  			of _PTS is used by default).
  			nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
  			ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
  			sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
  			on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
  			but some broken systems don't work without it).
  
  	acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
  			Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
  			that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
  
  	acpi_enforce_resources=	[ACPI]
  			{ strict | lax | no }
  			Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
  			and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
  			only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
  			used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
  			can interfere with legacy drivers.
  			strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
  			is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
  			resources will fail to bind to device using them.
  			lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
  			legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
  			will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
  			no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
  			no further checks are performed.
  
  	acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug.  Useful for kdump
  			   kernels.
  
  	add_efi_memmap	[EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
  			kernel's map of available physical RAM.
  
  	agp=		[AGP]
  			{ off | try_unsupported }
  			off: disable AGP support
  			try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
  				(may crash computer or cause data corruption)
  
  	ALSA		[HW,ALSA]
  			See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
  
  	alignment=	[KNL,ARM]
  			Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
  			behaviour to be specified.  Bit 0 enables warnings,
  			bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
  
  	align_va_addr=	[X86-64]
  			Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
  			allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
  			gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
  			machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
  			CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
  			a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
  
  			32: only for 32-bit processes
  			64: only for 64-bit processes
  			on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
  			off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
  
  	alloc_snapshot	[FTRACE]
  			Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
  			main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
  			and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
  			do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
  			to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
  
  	amd_iommu=	[HW,X86-64]
  			Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
  			Possible values are:
  			fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
  				    they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
  				    flushed before they will be reused, which
  				    is a lot of faster
  			off	  - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
  				    the system
  			force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
  					  devices. The IOMMU driver is not
  					  allowed anymore to lift isolation
  					  requirements as needed. This option
  					  does not override iommu=pt
  
  	amd_iommu_dump=	[HW,X86-64]
  			Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
  			for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
  			driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
  			IOMMU initialization.
  
  	amijoy.map=	[HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
  			Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
  			Format: <a>,<b>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
  
  	analog.map=	[HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
  			Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
  			connected to one of 16 gameports
  			Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
  
  	apc=		[HW,SPARC]
  			Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
  			Format: noidle
  			Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
  			not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
  			APC and your system crashes randomly.
  
  	apic=		[APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
  			Change the output verbosity whilst booting
  			Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
  			Change the amount of debugging information output
  			when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
  
  	autoconf=	[IPV6]
  			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
  
  	show_lapic=	[APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
  			Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
  			number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
  			to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
  			Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
  			The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
  			apic=verbose is specified.
  			Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
  
  	apm=		[APM] Advanced Power Management
  			See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
  
  	arcrimi=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
  
  	ataflop=	[HW,M68k]
  
  	atarimouse=	[HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
  
  	atkbd.extra=	[HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
  			EzKey and similar keyboards
  
  	atkbd.reset=	[HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
  
  	atkbd.set=	[HW] Select keyboard code set
  			Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
  
  	atkbd.scroll=	[HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
  			keyboards
  
  	atkbd.softraw=	[HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
  			Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
  
  	atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
  			Use software keyboard repeat
  
  	audit=		[KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
  			Format: { "0" | "1" } (0 = disabled, 1 = enabled)
  			0 - kernel audit is disabled and can not be enabled
  			    until the next reboot
  			unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
  			    will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
  			1 - kernel audit is initialized and partially enabled,
  			    storing at most audit_backlog_limit messages in
  			    RAM until it is fully enabled by the userspace
  			    auditd.
  			Default: unset
  
  	audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
  			Format: <int> (must be >=0)
  			Default: 64
  
  	baycom_epp=	[HW,AX25]
  			Format: <io>,<mode>
  
  	baycom_par=	[HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
  			Format: <io>,<mode>
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
  
  	baycom_ser_fdx=	[HW,AX25]
  			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
  
  	baycom_ser_hdx=	[HW,AX25]
  			BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
  			See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
  
  	blkdevparts=	Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
  			embedded devices based on command line input.
  			See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt
  
  	boot_delay=	Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
  			Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
  			no delay (0).
  			Format: integer
  
  	bootmem_debug	[KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
  
  	bttv.card=	[HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
  	bttv.radio=	Most important insmod options are available as
  			kernel args too.
  	bttv.pll=	See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
  	bttv.tuner=
  
  	bulk_remove=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
  			firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
  			at a time.
  
  	c101=		[NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
  
  	cachesize=	[BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
  			Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
  			size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
  			to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
  			possible to determine what the correct size should be.
  			This option provides an override for these situations.
  
  	ccw_timeout_log [S390]
  			See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
  
  	cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
  			Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
  			The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
  			- foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
  			  a single hierarchy
  			- foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
  			  subsystem
  			{Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
  			cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
  			only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
  
  	checkreqprot	[SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
  			0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
  				any implied execute protection).
  			1 -- check protection requested by application.
  			Default value is set via a kernel config option.
  			Value can be changed at runtime via
  				/selinux/checkreqprot.
  
  	cio_ignore=	[S390]
  			See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
  	clk_ignore_unused
  			[CLK]
  			Keep all clocks already enabled by bootloader on,
  			even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
  			for debug and development, but should not be
  			needed on a platform with proper driver support.
  			For more information, see Documentation/clk.txt.
  
  	clock=		[BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
  			[Deprecated]
  			Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
  			when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
  			clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
  			Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
  
  	clocksource=	Override the default clocksource
  			Format: <string>
  			Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
  			with the name specified.
  			Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
  			the platform:
  			[all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
  			[ACPI] acpi_pm
  			[ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
  				pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
  			[AVR32] avr32
  			[X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
  				scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
  			[MIPS] MIPS
  			[PARISC] cr16
  			[S390] tod
  			[SH] SuperH
  			[SPARC64] tick
  			[X86-64] hpet,tsc
  
  	clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
  			Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
  			arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit
  			numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
  			stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
  			ones should be.
  			Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
  			or using the feature without checking anything
  			will still see it. This just prevents it from
  			being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
  			Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
  			some critical bits.
  
  	cma=nn[MG]	[ARM,KNL]
  			Sets the size of kernel global memory area for contiguous
  			memory allocations. For more information, see
  			include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
  
  	cmo_free_hint=	[PPC] Format: { yes | no }
  			Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
  			when they are freed.  This is used in CMO environments
  			to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
  			a hypervisor.
  			Default: yes
  
  	coherent_pool=nn[KMG]	[ARM,KNL]
  			Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
  			allocations, by default set to 256K.
  
  	code_bytes	[X86] How many bytes of object code to print
  			in an oops report.
  			Range: 0 - 8192
  			Default: 64
  
  	com20020=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
  			Format:
  			<io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
  
  	com90io=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
  			Format: <io>[,<irq>]
  
  	com90xx=	[HW,NET]
  			ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
  			Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
  
  	condev=		[HW,S390] console device
  	conmode=
  
  	console=	[KNL] Output console device and options.
  
  		tty<n>	Use the virtual console device <n>.
  
  		ttyS<n>[,options]
  		ttyUSB0[,options]
  			Use the specified serial port.  The options are of
  			the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
  			"p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
  			bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
  			omit it).  Default is "9600n8".
  
  			See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
  			information.  See
  			Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
  			alternative.
  
  		uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
  		uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
  			Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
  			UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
  			switching to the matching ttyS device later.  The
  			options are the same as for ttyS, above.
  		hvc<n>	Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
  			both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
  
                  If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
                  device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
  			console=brl,ttyS0
  		For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
  
  	consoleblank=	[KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
  			seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
  			disables the blank timer.
  
  	coredump_filter=
  			[KNL] Change the default value for
  			/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
  			See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
  
  	cpuidle.off=1	[CPU_IDLE]
  			disable the cpuidle sub-system
  
  	cpcihp_generic=	[HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
  			Format:
  			<first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
  
  	crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
  			[KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
  			upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
  			memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
  			image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
  			is selected automatically. Check
  			Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
  
  	crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
  			[KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
  			in the running system. The syntax of range is
  			start-[end] where start and end are both
  			a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
  			Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
  
  	crashkernel=size[KMG],high
  			[KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
  			to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
  			be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
  			Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
  			available.
  			It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
  	crashkernel=size[KMG],low
  			[KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
  			is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
  			above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
  			that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
  			requires at least 64M+32K low memory.  Kernel would
  			try to allocate 72M below 4G automatically.
  			This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
  			for second kernel instead.
  			0: to disable low allocation.
  			It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
  			or memory reserved is below 4G.
  
  	cs89x0_dma=	[HW,NET]
  			Format: <dma>
  
  	cs89x0_media=	[HW,NET]
  			Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
  
  	dasd=		[HW,NET]
  			See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
  
  	db9.dev[2|3]=	[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
  			(one device per port)
  			Format: <port#>,<type>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	ddebug_query=   [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
  			time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
  			details.  Deprecated, see dyndbg.
  
  	debug		[KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
  
  	debug_locks_verbose=
  			[KNL] verbose self-tests
  			Format=<0|1>
  			Print debugging info while doing the locking API
  			self-tests.
  			We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
  			1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
  			only useful to kernel developers.
  
  	debug_objects	[KNL] Enable object debugging
  
  	no_debug_objects
  			[KNL] Disable object debugging
  
  	debug_guardpage_minorder=
  			[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
  			parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
  			be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
  			buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
  			of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
  			amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
  			possible value is MAX_ORDER/2.  Setting this parameter
  			to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
  			memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
  			driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
  			random memory location. Note that there exists a class
  			of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
  			F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
  			memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
  			bypassed) which are not detectable by
  			CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
  			tracking down these problems.
  
  	debugpat	[X86] Enable PAT debugging
  
  	decnet.addr=	[HW,NET]
  			Format: <area>[,<node>]
  			See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
  
  	default_hugepagesz=
  			[same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
  			HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
  			the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
  			default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
  			Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
  			if not specified.
  
  	dhash_entries=	[KNL]
  			Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
  
  	digi=		[HW,SERIAL]
  			IO parameters + enable/disable command.
  
  	digiepca=	[HW,SERIAL]
  			See drivers/char/README.epca and
  			Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt.
  
  	disable=	[IPV6]
  			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
  
  	disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
  			Format: <int>
  			The number of initial APIC ID for the
  			corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
  			mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
  			disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
  			causing system reset or hang due to sending
  			INIT from AP to BSP.
  
  	disable_ddw     [PPC/PSERIES]
  			Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
  			to workaround buggy firmware.
  
  	disable_ipv6=	[IPV6]
  			See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
  
  	disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
  			The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
  			to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
  			entry later. This parameter disables that.
  
  	disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
  			By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
  			memory out of your available memory pool based on
  			MTRR settings.  This parameter disables that behavior,
  			possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
  
  	disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
  			Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
  			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
  
  	dma_debug=off	If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
  			this option disables the debugging code at boot.
  
  	dma_debug_entries=<number>
  			This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
  			entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
  			required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
  			DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
  			architectural default is too low.
  
  	dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
  			With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
  			filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
  			pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
  			The filter can be disabled or changed to another
  			driver later using sysfs.
  
  	drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>
  			Broken monitors, graphic adapters and KVMs may
  			send no or incorrect EDID data sets. This parameter
  			allows to specify an EDID data set in the
  			/lib/firmware directory that is used instead.
  			Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
  			edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
  			edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
  			and no file with the same name exists. Details and
  			instructions how to build your own EDID data are
  			available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
  			data set will only be used for a particular connector,
  			if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
  			name.
  
  	dscc4.setup=	[NET]
  
  	dyndbg[="val"]		[KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
  	module.dyndbg[="val"]
  			Enable debug messages at boot time.  See
  			Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
  
  	earlycon=	[KNL] Output early console device and options.
  		uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
  		uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
  		uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
  			Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
  			UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
  			MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
  			(mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32).
  			The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
  
  	earlyprintk=	[X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM]
  			earlyprintk=vga
  			earlyprintk=efi
  			earlyprintk=xen
  			earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
  			earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
  			earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
  			earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
  
  			earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
  			the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
  			default because it has some cosmetic problems.
  
  			Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
  			takes over.
  
  			Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can
  			be used at a time.
  
  			Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
  			name.  Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
  			on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
  			replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
  				earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
  			You can find the port for a given device in
  			/proc/tty/driver/serial:
  				2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
  
  			Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
  			very good.
  
  			The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by
  			the real console.
  
  			The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
  
  	edac_report=	[HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
  			Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
  			on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
  			by other higher priority error reporting module.
  			off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
  			force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
  			default: on.
  
  	ekgdboc=	[X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
  			ekgdboc=kbd
  
  			This is designed to be used in conjunction with
  			the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
  
  	edd=		[EDD]
  			Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
  
  	efi=		[EFI]
  			Format: { "old_map" }
  			old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI
  			runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by
  			default.
  
  	efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
  			Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
  			your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
  			you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
  			fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
  
  	eisa_irq_edge=	[PARISC,HW]
  			See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
  
  	elanfreq=	[X86-32]
  			See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
  			arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
  
  	elevator=	[IOSCHED]
  			Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
  			See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
  			Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
  
  	elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
  			Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
  			image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
  			kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
  			See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
  
  	enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
  			The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
  			to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
  			entry later. This parameter enables that.
  
  	enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
  			Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
  			Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
  			(in particular on some ATI chipsets).
  			The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
  
  	enforcing	[SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
  			Format: {"0" | "1"}
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
  			0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
  			1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
  			Default value is 0.
  			Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
  
  	erst_disable	[ACPI]
  			Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
  			support.
  
  	ether=		[HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
  			This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
  			has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
  
  	evm=		[EVM]
  			Format: { "fix" }
  			Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
  			current integrity status.
  
  	failslab=
  	fail_page_alloc=
  	fail_make_request=[KNL]
  			General fault injection mechanism.
  			Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
  			See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
  
  	floppy=		[HW]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
  
  	force_pal_cache_flush
  			[IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
  			buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
  			parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
  			ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
  
  	ftrace=[tracer]
  			[FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
  			as early as possible in order to facilitate early
  			boot debugging.
  
  	ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
  			[FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
  			If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
  			buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
  			dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
  			oops.
  
  	ftrace_filter=[function-list]
  			[FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
  			tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
  			list of functions. This list can be changed at run
  			time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
  			tracing directory.
  
  	ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
  			[FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
  			function-list. This list can be changed at run time
  			by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
  			tracing directory.
  
  	ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
  			[FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
  			by the function graph tracer at boot up.
  			function-list is a comma separated list of functions
  			that can be changed at run time by the
  			set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
  
  	gamecon.map[2|3]=
  			[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
  			support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
  			Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	gamma=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	gart_fix_e820=  [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
  			Format: off | on
  			default: on
  
  	gcov_persist=	[GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
  			kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
  			debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
  			When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
  			debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
  
  	gpt		[EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
  			invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
  			primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
  			GPT to be used instead.
  
  	grcan.enable0=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
  			the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
  			Format: 0 | 1
  			Default: 0
  	grcan.enable1=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
  			the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
  			Format: 0 | 1
  			Default: 0
  	grcan.select=	[HW] Select which physical interface to use.
  			Format: 0 | 1
  			Default: 0
  	grcan.txsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
  			Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
  			Default: 1024
  	grcan.rxsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
  			Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
  			Default: 1024
  
  	hashdist=	[KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
  			are distributed across NUMA nodes.  Defaults on
  			for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
  			Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
  
  	hcl=		[IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
  
  	hd=		[EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
  			Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
  
  	hest_disable	[ACPI]
  			Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
  			corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
  			logic will be disabled.
  
  	highmem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
  			size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
  			highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
  			size on bigger boxes.
  
  	highres=	[KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
  			Valid parameters: "on", "off"
  			Default: "on"
  
  	hisax=		[HW,ISDN]
  			See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
  
  	hlt		[BUGS=ARM,SH]
  
  	hpet=		[X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
  			Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
  				verbose }
  			disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
  			force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
  				VIA, nVidia)
  			verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
  
  	hpet_mmap=	[X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
  			registers.  Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
  
  	hugepages=	[HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
  	hugepagesz=	[HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
  			On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
  			multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
  			huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
  			x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
  			(when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag)
  			Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time
  			using hugepages= and not freed afterwards.
  
  	hvc_iucv=	[S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
  			       terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
  	hvc_iucv_allow=	[S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
  			       If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
  			       from listed z/VM user IDs only.
  
  	hwthread_map=	[METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
  			        hardware thread id mappings.
  				Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
  
  	keep_bootcon	[KNL]
  			Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
  			useful for debugging when something happens in the window
  			between unregistering the boot console and initializing
  			the real console.
  
  	i2c_bus=	[HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
  			     or register an additional I2C bus that is not
  			     registered from board initialization code.
  			     Format:
  			     <bus_id>,<clkrate>
  
  	i8042.debug	[HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
  	i8042.direct	[HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
  	i8042.dumbkbd	[HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
  			     keyboard and cannot control its state
  			     (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
  	i8042.noaux	[HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
  	i8042.nokbd	[HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
  	i8042.noloop	[HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
  			     for the AUX port
  	i8042.nomux	[HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
  			     controller
  	i8042.nopnp	[HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
  			     controllers
  	i8042.notimeout	[HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
  	i8042.reset	[HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
  	i8042.unlock	[HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
  
  	i810=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	i8k.ignore_dmi	[HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
  			indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
  			hardware.
  	i8k.force	[HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
  			does not match list of supported models.
  	i8k.power_status
  			[HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
  			(disabled by default)
  	i8k.restricted	[HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
  			capability is set.
  
  	i915.invert_brightness=
  			[DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
  			set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
  			brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
  			and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
  			to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
  			(default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
  			is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
  			to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
  			value switches the backlight off.
  			-1 -- never invert brightness
  			 0 -- machine default
  			 1 -- force brightness inversion
  
  	icn=		[HW,ISDN]
  			Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
  
  	ide-core.nodma=	[HW] (E)IDE subsystem
  			Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
  			.vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
  			.cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
  			See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
  
  	ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
  			Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
  
  	idle=		[X86]
  			Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
  			Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
  			improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
  			will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
  			Not recommended.
  			idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
  			In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
  			idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
  
  	ignore_loglevel	[KNL]
  			Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
  			kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
  			We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
  			could change it dynamically, usually by
  			/sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
  
  	ihash_entries=	[KNL]
  			Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
  
  	ima_appraise=	[IMA] appraise integrity measurements
  			Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" }
  			default: "enforce"
  
  	ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
  			The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
  			owned by uid=0.
  
  	ima_hash=	[IMA]
  			Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
  				   | sha512 | ... }
  			default: "sha1"
  
  			The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
  			in crypto/hash_info.h.
  
  	ima_tcb		[IMA]
  			Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
  			Computing Base.  This means IMA will measure all
  			programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
  			opened for read by uid=0.
  
  	ima_template=   [IMA]
  			Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
  			Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" }
  			Default: "ima-ng"
  
  	init=		[KNL]
  			Format: <full_path>
  			Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
  			process.
  
  	initcall_debug	[KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed.  Useful
  			for working out where the kernel is dying during
  			startup.
  
  	initrd=		[BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
  
  	inport.irq=	[HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
  			Format: <irq>
  
  	int_pln_enable  [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
  
  	integrity_audit=[IMA]
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
  			1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
  
  	intel_iommu=	[DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
  		on
  			Enable intel iommu driver.
  		off
  			Disable intel iommu driver.
  		igfx_off [Default Off]
  			By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
  			device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
  			bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
  			this case, gfx device will use physical address for
  			DMA.
  		forcedac [x86_64]
  			With this option iommu will not optimize to look
  			for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
  			address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
  			than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
  			for translation below 32-bit and if not available
  			then look in the higher range.
  		strict [Default Off]
  			With this option on every unmap_single operation will
  			result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
  			to batching them for performance.
  		sp_off [Default Off]
  			By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
  			has the capability. With this option, super page will
  			not be supported.
  
  	intel_idle.max_cstate=	[KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
  			0	disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
  			1 to 6	specify maximum depth of C-state.
  
  	intel_pstate=  [X86]
  		       disable
  		         Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
  		         scaling driver for the supported processors
  
  	intremap=	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
  			on	enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
  			off	disable Interrupt Remapping
  			nosid	disable Source ID checking
  			no_x2apic_optout
  				BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
  
  	iomem=		Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
  		strict	regions from userspace.
  		relaxed
  
  	iommu=		[x86]
  		off
  		force
  		noforce
  		biomerge
  		panic
  		nopanic
  		merge
  		nomerge
  		forcesac
  		soft
  		pt		[x86, IA-64]
  
  
  	io7=		[HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
  			See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
  			arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
  
  	io_delay=	[X86] I/O delay method
  		0x80
  			Standard port 0x80 based delay
  		0xed
  			Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
  		udelay
  			Simple two microseconds delay
  		none
  			No delay
  
  	ip=		[IP_PNP]
  			See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	ip2=		[HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
  			See comment before ip2_setup() in
  			drivers/char/ip2/ip2base.c.
  
  	irqfixup	[HW]
  			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
  			for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
  			firmware running.
  
  	irqpoll		[HW]
  			When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
  			for it. Also check all handlers each timer
  			interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
  			firmware running.
  
  	isapnp=		[ISAPNP]
  			Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
  
  	isolcpus=	[KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
  			Format:
  			<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
  			or
  			<cpu number>-<cpu number>
  			(must be a positive range in ascending order)
  			or a mixture
  			<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
  
  			This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
  			to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
  			algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
  			"isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
  			<cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
  			"number of CPUs in system - 1".
  
  			This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
  			alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
  			tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
  			suboptimal load balancer performance.
  
  	iucv=		[HW,NET]
  
  	ivrs_ioapic	[HW,X86_64]
  			Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
  			mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
  			example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
  			PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
  				ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
  
  	ivrs_hpet	[HW,X86_64]
  			Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
  			mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
  			example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
  			PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
  				ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
  
  	js=		[HW,JOY] Analog joystick
  			See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
  
  	keepinitrd	[HW,ARM]
  
  	kernelcore=nn[KMG]	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
  			specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
  			for non-movable allocations.  The requested amount is
  			spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
  			remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
  			pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
  			kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
  			take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
  			of Movable pages.  The Movable zone is used for the
  			allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
  			by the page migration subsystem.  This means that
  			HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
  			Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
  			use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
  			zone if it does not.
  
  	kgdbdbgp=	[KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
  			Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
  			The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
  			port as it is probed via PCI.  The poll interval is
  			optional and is the number seconds in between
  			each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
  			the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
  			gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection.  When
  			not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
  			the kernel debugger.
  
  	kgdboc=		[KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
  			Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
  			or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
  			 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
  			 keyboard only format: kbd
  			 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
  			Optional Kernel mode setting:
  			 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
  			 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
  
  	kgdbwait	[KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
  			kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
  
  	kmac=		[MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
  			Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
  			Ethernet adapter MAC address.
  
  	kmemleak=	[KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
  			Valid arguments: on, off
  			Default: on
  
  	kmemcheck=	[X86] Boot-time kmemcheck enable/disable/one-shot mode
  			Valid arguments: 0, 1, 2
  			kmemcheck=0 (disabled)
  			kmemcheck=1 (enabled)
  			kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode)
  			Default: 2 (one-shot mode)
  
  	kstack=N	[X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
  			in oops dumps.
  
  	kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
  			Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
  
  	kvm.mmu_audit=	[KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
  			KVM MMU at runtime.
  			Default is 0 (off)
  
  	kvm-amd.nested=	[KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
  			Default is 1 (enabled)
  
  	kvm-amd.npt=	[KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
  			for all guests.
  			Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
  
  	kvm-intel.ept=	[KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
  			(virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
  			Default is 1 (enabled)
  
  	kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
  			[KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
  			Default is 0 (disabled)
  
  	kvm-intel.flexpriority=
  			[KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
  			Default is 1 (enabled)
  
  	kvm-intel.nested=
  			[KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
  			Default is 0 (disabled)
  
  	kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
  			[KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
  			(virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
  			Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
  
  	kvm-intel.vpid=	[KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
  			feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
  			Default is 1 (enabled)
  
  	l2cr=		[PPC]
  
  	l3cr=		[PPC]
  
  	lapic		[X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
  			disabled it.
  
  	lapic=		[x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
  			value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
  			back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
  
  	lapic_timer_c2_ok	[X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
  			in C2 power state.
  
  	libata.dma=	[LIBATA] DMA control
  			libata.dma=0	  Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
  			libata.dma=1	  PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
  			libata.dma=2	  ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
  			libata.dma=4	  Compact Flash DMA only
  			Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
  			for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
  
  	libata.ignore_hpa=	[LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
  			libata.ignore_hpa=0	  keep BIOS limits (default)
  			libata.ignore_hpa=1	  ignore limits, using full disk
  
  	libata.noacpi	[LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
  			when set.
  			Format: <int>
  
  	libata.force=	[LIBATA] Force configurations.  The format is comma
  			separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
  			PORT[.DEVICE].  PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
  			matching port, link or device.  Basically, it matches
  			the ATA ID string printed on console by libata.  If
  			the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
  			values are used.  If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
  			configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
  
  			If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
  			the port and all links and devices behind it.  DEVICE
  			number of 0 either selects the first device or the
  			first fan-out link behind PMP device.  It does not
  			select the host link.  DEVICE number of 15 selects the
  			host link and device attached to it.
  
  			The VAL specifies the configuration to force.  As long
  			as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
  			For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
  			The following configurations can be forced.
  
  			* Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
  			  Any ID with matching PORT is used.
  
  			* SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
  
  			* Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
  			  udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
  			  allowed.
  
  			* [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
  
  			* nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
                            and both resets.
  
  			* rstonce: only attempt one reset during
  			  hot-unplug link recovery
  
  			* dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
  
  			* atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
  
  			* disable: Disable this device.
  
  			If there are multiple matching configurations changing
  			the same attribute, the last one is used.
  
  	memblock=debug	[KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
  
  	load_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
  			See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
  
  	lockd.nlm_grace_period=P  [NFS] Assign grace period.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	lockd.nlm_tcpport=N	[NFS] Assign TCP port.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	lockd.nlm_timeout=T	[NFS] Assign timeout value.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	lockd.nlm_udpport=M	[NFS] Assign UDP port.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	logibm.irq=	[HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
  			Format: <irq>
  
  	loglevel=	All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
  			console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
  			also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
  			loglevels are defined as follows:
  
  			0 (KERN_EMERG)		system is unusable
  			1 (KERN_ALERT)		action must be taken immediately
  			2 (KERN_CRIT)		critical conditions
  			3 (KERN_ERR)		error conditions
  			4 (KERN_WARNING)	warning conditions
  			5 (KERN_NOTICE)		normal but significant condition
  			6 (KERN_INFO)		informational
  			7 (KERN_DEBUG)		debug-level messages
  
  	log_buf_len=n[KMG]	Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
  			in bytes.  n must be a power of two.  The default
  			size is set in the kernel config file.
  
  	logo.nologo	[FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
  			This may be used to provide more screen space for
  			kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
  			kernel boot problems.
  
  	lp=0		[LP]	Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
  	lp=port[,port...]	lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
  	lp=reset		first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
  	lp=auto			printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
  				specified in addition to the ports) causes
  				attached printers to be reset. Using
  				lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
  				to associate lp devices with, starting with
  				lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
  				that lp device, or a parport name such as
  				'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
  				port specification list means that device IDs
  				from each port should be examined, to see if
  				an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
  				so, the driver will manage that printer.
  				See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
  
  	lpj=n		[KNL]
  			Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
  			time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
  			CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
  			the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
  			autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
  			on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
  			which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
  			significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
  			will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
  			unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
  			unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
  			hardware.
  
  	ltpc=		[NET]
  			Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
  
  	machvec=	[IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
  			(machvec) in a generic kernel.
  			Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
  
  	machtype=	[Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
  			 yeeloong laptop.
  			Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
  
  	max_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
  			than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
  
  	maxcpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
  			should make use of.  maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
  			kernel to using 'n' processors.  n=0 is a special case,
  			it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
  			the IO APIC.
  
  	max_loop=	[LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
  	(loop.max_loop)	unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
  			number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
  			of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
  			devices can be requested on-demand with the
  			/dev/loop-control interface.
  
  	mce		[X86-32] Machine Check Exception
  
  	mce=option	[X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
  
  	md=		[HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
  			See Documentation/md.txt.
  
  	mdacon=		[MDA]
  			Format: <first>,<last>
  			Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
  
  	mem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
  			Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
  			to see the whole system memory or for test.
  			[X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
  			with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
  			Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
  			belonging to unused RAM.
  
  	mem=nopentium	[BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
  			memory.
  
  	memchunk=nn[KMG]
  			[KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
  			per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
  
  	memmap=exactmap	[KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
  			E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
  			Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
  			BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
  			option description.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
  			[KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
  			Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
  			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
  			Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
  
  	memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
  			[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
  			Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
  			Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
  			         memmap=64K$0x18690000
  			         or
  			         memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
  
  	memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
  			Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
  			memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
  			Setting this option will scan the memory
  			looking for corruption.  Enabling this will
  			both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
  			from using the memory being corrupted.
  			However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
  			repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
  			affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
  			to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
  
  	memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
  			By default it checks for corruption in the low
  			64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
  			use.  Use this parameter to scan for
  			corruption in more or less memory.
  
  	memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
  			By default it checks for corruption every 60
  			seconds.  Use this parameter to check at some
  			other rate.  0 disables periodic checking.
  
  	memtest=	[KNL,X86] Enable memtest
  			Format: <integer>
  			default : 0 <disable>
  			Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
  			performed. Each pass selects another test
  			pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
  			fills the memory with this pattern, validates
  			memory contents and reserves bad memory
  			regions that are detected.
  
  	meye.*=		[HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
  			See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
  
  	mfgpt_irq=	[IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
  			Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
  			platforms.
  
  	mfgptfix	[X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
  			the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
  			version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
  			problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
  
  	mga=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	min_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
  			physical address is ignored.
  
  	mini2440=	[ARM,HW,KNL]
  			Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
  			Default: "0tb"
  			MINI2440 configuration specification:
  			0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
  			1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
  			2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
  			Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
  			the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
  			unconfigured.
  			b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
  			linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
  			LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
  			VGA shield.
  			c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
  			t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
  			touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
  			kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
  			in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
  			http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
  
  	mminit_loglevel=
  			[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
  			parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
  			the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
  			of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
  			log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
  			so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
  
  	module.sig_enforce
  			[KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
  			modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
  			Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
  			is always true, so this option does nothing.
  
  	mousedev.tap_time=
  			[MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
  			leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
  			a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
  			touchpads working in absolute mode only).
  			Format: <msecs>
  	mousedev.xres=	[MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
  			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
  	mousedev.yres=	[MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
  			reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
  
  	movablecore=nn[KMG]	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
  			is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
  			amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
  			If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
  			then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
  			value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
  			is specified, the administrator must be careful
  			that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
  			is not too small.
  
  	movable_node	[KNL,X86] Boot-time switch to enable the effects
  			of CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE=y. See mm/Kconfig for details.
  
  	MTD_Partition=	[MTD]
  			Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
  
  	MTD_Region=	[MTD] Format:
  			<name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
  
  	mtdparts=	[MTD]
  			See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
  
  	multitce=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
  			firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
  			at a time.
  
  	onenand.bdry=	[HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
  
  			Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
  
  			boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
  				   The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
  			lock	 - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
  				   Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
  				   1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
  
  	mtdset=		[ARM]
  			ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
  
  			See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
  
  	mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
  			[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
  			('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
  
  	mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
  			used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
  			that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
  
  	mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
  			Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
  			Default is 1.
  			Large value could prevent small alignment from
  			using up MTRRs.
  
  	mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
  			Format: <integer>
  			Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
  			Default : 1
  			Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
  			Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
  
  	n2=		[NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
  
  	netdev=		[NET] Network devices parameters
  			Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
  			Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
  			something different and driver-specific.
  			This usage is only documented in each driver source
  			file if at all.
  
  	nf_conntrack.acct=
  			[NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
  			0 to disable accounting
  			1 to enable accounting
  			Default value is 0.
  
  	nfsaddrs=	[NFS] Deprecated.  Use ip= instead.
  			See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	nfsroot=	[NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
  			See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	nfsrootdebug	[NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
  			See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
  
  	nfs.callback_tcpport=
  			[NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
  			channel should listen.
  
  	nfs.cache_getent=
  			[NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
  			to update the NFS client cache entries.
  
  	nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
  			[NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
  			update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
  
  	nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
  			[NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
  			entries.
  
  	nfs.enable_ino64=
  			[NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
  			If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
  			number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
  			of returning the full 64-bit number.
  			The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
  
  	nfs.max_session_slots=
  			[NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
  			the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
  			This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
  			that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
  			Note that there is little point in setting this
  			value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
  
  	nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
  			[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
  			ensures that both the RPC level authentication
  			scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
  			numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
  			'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
  			disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
  			legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
  			Servers that do not support this mode of operation
  			will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
  			back to using the idmapper.
  			To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
  	nfs.nfs4_unique_id=
  			[NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
  			ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
  			their nfs_client_id4 string.  This is typically a
  			UUID that is generated at system install time.
  
  	nfs.send_implementation_id =
  			[NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
  			information in exchange_id requests.
  			If zero, no implementation identification information
  			will be sent.
  			The default is to send the implementation identification
  			information.
  	
  	nfs.recover_lost_locks =
  			[NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
  			to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
  			doing this risks data corruption, since there are
  			no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
  			after the locks are lost.
  			If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
  			attempting to recover these locks, then set this
  			parameter to '1'.
  			The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
  			not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
  
  	nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
  			[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
  			server will return only numeric uids and gids to
  			clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
  			and gids from such clients.  This is intended to ease
  			migration from NFSv2/v3.
  
  	objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
  			[NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
  			is used to automatically discover and login into new
  			osd-targets. Please see:
  			Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
  
  	nmi_debug=	[KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
  			when a NMI is triggered.
  			Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
  
  	nmi_watchdog=	[KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
  			Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
  			Valid num: 0
  			0 - turn nmi_watchdog off
  			When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
  			timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
  			default).
  			This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
  			need the box quickly up again.
  
  	netpoll.carrier_timeout=
  			[NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
  			netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
  			waits 4 seconds.
  
  	no387		[BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
  			emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
  			is present.
  
  	no_console_suspend
  			[HW] Never suspend the console
  			Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
  			hibernate operations.  Once disabled, debugging
  			messages can reach various consoles while the rest
  			of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
  			debugging driver suspend/resume hooks).  This may
  			not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
  			to work with serial and VGA consoles.
  			To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
  			console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
  			it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
  			/sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
  			turn on/off it dynamically.
  
  	noaliencache	[MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
  			caches in the slab allocator.  Saves per-node memory,
  			but will impact performance.
  
  	noalign		[KNL,ARM]
  
  	noapic		[SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
  			IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
  
  	nokaslr		[X86]
  			Disable kernel base offset ASLR (Address Space
  			Layout Randomization) if built into the kernel.
  
  	noautogroup	Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
  
  	nobats		[PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
  			on "Classic" PPC cores.
  
  	nocache		[ARM]
  
  	noclflush	[BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
  
  	nodelayacct	[KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
  
  	nodisconnect	[HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
  
  	nodsp		[SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
  
  	noefi		[X86] Disable EFI runtime services support.
  
  	noexec		[IA-64]
  
  	noexec		[X86]
  			On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
  			noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
  			noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
  
  	nosmap		[X86]
  			Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
  			even if it is supported by processor.
  
  	nosmep		[X86]
  			Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
  			even if it is supported by processor.
  
  	noexec32	[X86-64]
  			This affects only 32-bit executables.
  			noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
  				read doesn't imply executable mappings
  			noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
  				read implies executable mappings
  
  	nofpu		[SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
  
  	nofxsr		[BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
  			register save and restore. The kernel will only save
  			legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
  
  	noxsave		[BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
  			and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
  			enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
  
  	eagerfpu=	[X86]
  			on	enable eager fpu restore
  			off	disable eager fpu restore
  			auto	selects the default scheme, which automatically
  				enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt.
  
  	nohlt		[BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
  			wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
  			use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
  
  	no_file_caps	Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities.  The
  			only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
  			is to be setuid root or executed by root.
  
  	nohalt		[IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
  			function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
  			power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
  			interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
  			in certain environments such as networked servers or
  			real-time systems.
  
  	nohz=		[KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
  			Valid arguments: on, off
  			Default: on
  
  	nohz_full=	[KNL,BOOT]
  			In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
  			the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
  			whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
  			the range to maintain the timekeeping.
  			The CPUs in this range must also be included in the
  			rcu_nocbs= set.
  
  	noiotrap	[SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
  
  	noirqdebug	[X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
  			disable unhandled interrupt sources.
  
  	no_timer_check	[X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
  			broken timer IRQ sources.
  
  	noisapnp	[ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
  
  	noinitrd	[RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
  			initial RAM disk.
  
  	nointremap	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
  			remapping.
  			[Deprecated - use intremap=off]
  
  	nointroute	[IA-64]
  
  	nojitter	[IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
  
  	no-kvmclock	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
  
  	no-kvmapf	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
  			fault handling.
  
  	no-steal-acc    [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
  			steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
  			behaviour
  
  	nolapic		[X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
  
  	nolapic_timer	[X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
  
  	noltlbs		[PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
  			lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
  
  	nomca		[IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
  
  	nomce		[X86-32] Machine Check Exception
  
  	nomfgpt		[X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
  			Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
  
  	nonmi_ipi	[X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
  			shutdown the other cpus.  Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
  			irq.
  
  	nomodule	Disable module load
  
  	nopat		[X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
  			pagetables) support.
  
  	norandmaps	Don't use address space randomization.  Equivalent to
  			echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
  
  	noreplace-paravirt	[X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
  
  	noreplace-smp	[X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
  			with UP alternatives
  
  	nordrand	[X86] Disable the direct use of the RDRAND
  			instruction even if it is supported by the
  			processor.  RDRAND is still available to user
  			space applications.
  
  	noresume	[SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
  			space.
  
  	no-scroll	[VGA] Disables scrollback.
  			This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
  			reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
  
  	nosbagart	[IA-64]
  
  	nosep		[BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
  
  	nosmp		[SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
  			and disable the IO APIC.  legacy for "maxcpus=0".
  
  	nosoftlockup	[KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
  
  	nosync		[HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
  
  	notsc		[BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
  
  	nousb		[USB] Disable the USB subsystem
  
  	nowatchdog	[KNL] Disable the lockup detector (NMI watchdog).
  
  	nowb		[ARM]
  
  	nox2apic	[X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
  
  	cpu0_hotplug	[X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
  			CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
  			Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
  			1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
  			Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
  			need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
  			2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
  			removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
  			It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
  			machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
  			after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
  			If the dependencies are under your control, you can
  			turn on cpu0_hotplug.
  
  	nptcg=		[IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
  			purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
  			SAL PALO.
  
  	nr_cpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
  			could support.  nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
  			supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not
  			use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online.
  			just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n
  
  	nr_uarts=	[SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
  
  	numa_balancing=	[KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
  			Allowed values are enable and disable
  
  	numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
  			one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
  			This can be set from sysctl after boot.
  			See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
  
  	ohci1394_dma=early	[HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
  			See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
  			info.
  
  	olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
  			Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
  			command is not properly ACKed, override the length
  			of the timeout.  We have interrupts disabled while
  			waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
  			interrupts *may* be lost!
  
  	omap_mux=	[OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
  			Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
  			For example, to override I2C bus2:
  			omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
  
  	oprofile.timer=	[HW]
  			Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
  
  	oprofile.cpu_type=	Force an oprofile cpu type
  			This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
  			userland or if you want common events.
  			Format: { arch_perfmon }
  			arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
  				perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
  				CPU specific event set.
  			timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
  				timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
  				for generic hr timer mode)
  				[s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling
                                  (report cpu_type "timer")
  
  	oops=panic	Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
  			process, but there is a small probability of
  			deadlocking the machine.
  			This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
  			Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
  
  	OSS		[HW,OSS]
  			See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
  
  	panic=		[KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
  			timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
  			timeout = 0: wait forever
  			timeout < 0: reboot immediately
  			Format: <timeout>
  
  	parkbd.port=	[HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
  			connected to, default is 0.
  			Format: <parport#>
  	parkbd.mode=	[HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
  			0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
  			Format: <mode>
  
  	parport=	[HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
  			Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
  			Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
  			IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
  			ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
  			possible conflicts). You can specify the base
  			address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
  			should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
  			settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
  			(to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
  			Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
  			are specified on the command line, starting
  			with parport0.
  
  	parport_init_mode=	[HW,PPT]
  			Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
  			a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
  			computer where firmware has no options for setting
  			up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
  			Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
  			Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
  
  	pause_on_oops=
  			Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
  			the specified number of seconds.  This is to be used if
  			your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
  
  	pcbit=		[HW,ISDN]
  
  	pcd.		[PARIDE]
  			See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
  			See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
  
  	pci=option[,option...]	[PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
  		earlydump	[X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
  			        changes anything
  		off		[X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
  		bios		[X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
  				the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
  				has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
  		nobios		[X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
  				hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
  				if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
  				suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
  		conf1		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
  				Mechanism 1.
  		conf2		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
  				Mechanism 2.
  		noaer		[PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
  				enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
  				disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
  		nodomains	[PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
  				root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
  		nommconf	[X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
  				Configuration
  		check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
  				properly configured MMIO access to PCI
  				config space on AMD family 10h CPU
  		nomsi		[MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
  				enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
  				disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
  		noioapicquirk	[APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
  				Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
  				should never be necessary.
  		ioapicreroute	[APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
  				primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
  				boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
  				when the system masks IRQs.
  		noioapicreroute	[APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
  				boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
  				a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
  				The opposite of ioapicreroute.
  		biosirq		[X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
  				routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
  				on several machines and they hang the machine
  				when used, but on other computers it's the only
  				way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
  				this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
  				IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
  				motherboard.
  		rom		[X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
  				Use with caution as certain devices share
  				address decoders between ROMs and other
  				resources.
  		norom		[X86] Do not assign address space to
  				expansion ROMs that do not already have
  				BIOS assigned address ranges.
  		nobar		[X86] Do not assign address space to the
  				BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
  		irqmask=0xMMMM	[X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
  				assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
  				make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
  				this way.
  		pirqaddr=0xAAAAA	[X86] Specify the physical address
  				of the PIRQ table (normally generated
  				by the BIOS) if it is outside the
  				F0000h-100000h range.
  		lastbus=N	[X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
  				useful if the kernel is unable to find your
  				secondary buses and you want to tell it
  				explicitly which ones they are.
  		assign-busses	[X86] Always assign all PCI bus
  				numbers ourselves, overriding
  				whatever the firmware may have done.
  		usepirqmask	[X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
  				in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
  				some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
  				some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
  				notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
  				IRQ routing is enabled.
  		noacpi		[X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
  				or for PCI scanning.
  		use_crs		[X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
  				from ACPI.  On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
  				is enabled by default.  If you need to use this,
  				please report a bug.
  		nocrs		[X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
  			        If you need to use this, please report a bug.
  		routeirq	Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
  				This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
  				so this option is a temporary workaround
  				for broken drivers that don't call it.
  		skip_isa_align	[X86] do not align io start addr, so can
  				handle more pci cards
  		firmware	[ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
  				just use the configuration from the
  				bootloader. This is currently used on
  				IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
  				configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
  		noearly		[X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
  				This might help on some broken boards which
  				machine check when some devices' config space
  				is read. But various workarounds are disabled
  				and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
  		bfsort		Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
  				This sorting is done to get a device
  				order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
  		nobfsort	Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
  		pcie_bus_tune_off	Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
  				tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
  		pcie_bus_safe	Set every device's MPS to the largest value
  				supported by all devices below the root complex.
  		pcie_bus_perf	Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
  				based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
  				Read Request Size) to the largest supported
  				value (no larger than the MPS that the device
  				or bus can support) for best performance.
  		pcie_bus_peer2peer	Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
  				every device is guaranteed to support. This
  				configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
  				any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
  				reduced performance.  This also guarantees
  				that hot-added devices will work.
  		cbiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
  				reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
  				The default value is 256 bytes.
  		cbmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
  				reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
  				window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
  		resource_alignment=
  				Format:
  				[<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
  				Specifies alignment and device to reassign
  				aligned memory resources.
  				If <order of align> is not specified,
  				PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
  				PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
  				windows need to be expanded.
  		ecrc=		Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
  				end-to-end CRC checking).
  				bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
  				the default.
  				off: Turn ECRC off
  				on: Turn ECRC on.
  		hpiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
  				reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
  				Default size is 256 bytes.
  		hpmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
  				reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
  				Default size is 2 megabytes.
  		realloc=	Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
  				if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
  				accommodate resources required by all child
  				devices.
  				off: Turn realloc off
  				on: Turn realloc on
  		realloc		same as realloc=on
  		noari		do not use PCIe ARI.
  		pcie_scan_all	Scan all possible PCIe devices.  Otherwise we
  				only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
  				port.
  
  	pcie_aspm=	[PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
  			Management.
  		off	Disable ASPM.
  		force	Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
  			WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
  
  	pcie_hp=	[PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
  		nomsi	Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
  			makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
  
  	pcie_ports=	[PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
  		auto	Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
  			associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER).  Use
  			them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
  		native	Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
  			unconditionally.
  		compat	Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
  			ports driver.
  
  	pcie_pme=	[PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
  		nomsi	Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
  			all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
  
  	pcmv=		[HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
  
  	pd_ignore_unused
  			[PM]
  			Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
  			even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
  			for debug and development, but should not be
  			needed on a platform with proper driver support.
  
  	pd.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
  
  	pdcchassis=	[PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
  			boot time.
  			Format: { 0 | 1 }
  			See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
  
  	percpu_alloc=	Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
  			Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
  			Archs may support subset or none of the	selections.
  			See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
  			allocator.  This parameter is primarily	for debugging
  			and performance comparison.
  
  	pf.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
  
  	pg.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
  
  	pirq=		[SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
  			See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
  
  	plip=		[PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
  			Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
  			See also Documentation/parport.txt.
  
  	pmtmr=		[X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
  			Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
  			e.g. pmtmr=0x508
  
  	pnp.debug=1	[PNP]
  			Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
  			CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option).  Change at run-time
  			via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug.  We always show
  			current resource usage; turning this on also shows
  			possible settings and some assignment information.
  
  	pnpacpi=	[ACPI]
  			{ off }
  
  	pnpbios=	[ISAPNP]
  			{ on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
  
  	pnp_reserve_irq=
  			[ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
  
  	pnp_reserve_dma=
  			[ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
  
  	pnp_reserve_io=	[ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
  			Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
  
  	pnp_reserve_mem=
  			[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
  			autoconfiguration.
  			Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
  
  	ports=		[IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
  			Default is 21.
  			Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
  			may be specified.
  			Format: <port>,<port>....
  
  	print-fatal-signals=
  			[KNL] debug: print fatal signals
  
  			If enabled, warn about various signal handling
  			related application anomalies: too many signals,
  			too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
  			coredump - etc.
  
  			If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
  			you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
  
  			default: off.
  
  	printk.always_kmsg_dump=
  			Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
  			panics
  			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
  			default: disabled
  
  	printk.time=	Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
  			Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
  
  	processor.max_cstate=	[HW,ACPI]
  			Limit processor to maximum C-state
  			max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
  
  	processor.nocst	[HW,ACPI]
  			Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
  			instead using the legacy FADT method
  
  	profile=	[KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
  			Format: [schedule,]<number>
  			Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
  			Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
  				statistical time based profiling.
  			Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
  				Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
  			Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
  
  	prompt_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
  			before loading.
  			See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
  
  	psmouse.proto=	[HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
  			probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
  	psmouse.rate=	[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
  			per second.
  	psmouse.resetafter=	[HW,MOUSE]
  			Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
  			(0 = never).
  	psmouse.resolution=
  			[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
  	psmouse.smartscroll=
  			[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
  			0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
  
  	pstore.backend=	Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
  
  	pt.		[PARIDE]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
  
  	pty.legacy_count=
  			[KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
  			default number.
  
  	quiet		[KNL] Disable most log messages
  
  	r128=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	raid=		[HW,RAID]
  			See Documentation/md.txt.
  
  	ramdisk_blocksize=	[RAM]
  			See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
  
  	ramdisk_size=	[RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
  			See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
  
  	rcu_nocbs=	[KNL]
  			In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
  			the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
  			Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
  			be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
  			that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
  			for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
  			is the CPU number.  This reduces OS jitter on the
  			offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
  			real-time workloads.  It can also improve energy
  			efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
  
  	rcu_nocb_poll	[KNL]
  			Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
  			(specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
  			awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
  			make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
  			This improves the real-time response for the
  			offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
  			wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
  			energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
  			periodically wake up to do the polling.
  
  	rcutree.blimit=	[KNL]
  			Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
  			process in one batch.
  
  	rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
  			Increase the number of CPUs assigned to each
  			leaf rcu_node structure.  Useful for very large
  			systems.
  
  	rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
  			Set delay from grace-period initialization to
  			first attempt to force quiescent states.
  			Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
  			and maximum value is HZ.
  
  	rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
  			Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
  			quiescent states.  Units are jiffies, minimum
  			value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
  
  	rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
  			Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
  			batch limiting is disabled.
  
  	rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
  			Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
  			batch limiting is re-enabled.
  
  	rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL]
  			Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
  			RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
  
  	rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL]
  			Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
  			only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
  			Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
  			prove do nothing more than free memory.
  
  	rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
  			Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts.
  
  	rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
  			Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts.
  
  	rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
  			Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts.
  
  	rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
  			Use expedited update-side primitives.
  
  	rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
  			Use normal (non-expedited) update-side primitives.
  			If both gp_exp and gp_normal are set, do both.
  			If neither gp_exp nor gp_normal are set, still
  			do both.
  
  	rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
  			Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
  
  	rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
  			Set number of concurrent RCU writers.  These just
  			stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
  			test, hence the "fake".
  
  	rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
  			Set number of RCU readers.
  
  	rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
  			Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
  
  	rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
  			Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
  
  	rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
  			Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
  			zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
  
  	rcutorture.rcutorture_runnable= [BOOT]
  			Start rcutorture running at boot time.
  
  	rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
  			Set task-shuffle interval (s).  Shuffling tasks
  			allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
  			during the rcutorture test.
  
  	rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
  			Set time (s) after boot system shutdown.  This
  			is useful for hands-off automated testing.
  
  	rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
  			Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
  			warnings, zero to disable.
  
  	rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
  			Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
  
  	rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
  			Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
  
  	rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
  			Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
  			five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
  			wait for five seconds, and so on.  This tests RCU's
  			ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
  
  	rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
  			Test RCU priority boosting?  0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
  			"Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
  			under test support RCU priority boosting.
  
  	rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
  			Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
  
  	rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
  			Interval (s) between each boost test.
  
  	rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
  			Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling.  See also the
  			rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
  
  	rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
  			Specify the RCU implementation to test.
  
  	rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
  			Enable additional printk() statements.
  
  	rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
  			Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
  			example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
  			of synchronize_rcu().  This reduces latency,
  			but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
  			real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
  
  	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
  			Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
  
  	rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
  			Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
  
  	rdinit=		[KNL]
  			Format: <full_path>
  			Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
  			used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
  
  	reboot=		[KNL]
  			Format (x86 or x86_64):
  				[w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
  				[[,]s[mp]#### \
  				[[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
  				[[,]f[orce]
  			Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
  			      reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
  			      reboot_force is either force or not specified,
  			      reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
  					to be used for rebooting.
  
  	relax_domain_level=
  			[KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
  			See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt.
  
  	reserve=	[KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
  
  	reservetop=	[X86-32]
  			Format: nn[KMG]
  			Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
  			address space.
  
  	reservelow=	[X86]
  			Format: nn[K]
  			Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
  			the bottom of the address space.
  
  	reset_devices	[KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
  			during initialization.
  
  	resume=		[SWSUSP]
  			Specify the partition device for software suspend
  			Format:
  			{/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
  
  	resume_offset=	[SWSUSP]
  			Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
  			given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
  			in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
  			See  Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
  
  	resumedelay=	[HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
  			read the resume files
  
  	resumewait	[HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
  			Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
  			(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
  
  	hibernate=	[HIBERNATION]
  		noresume	Don't check if there's a hibernation image
  				present during boot.
  		nocompress	Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
  
  	retain_initrd	[RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
  
  	rhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
  			Set number of hash buckets for route cache
  
  	riscom8=	[HW,SERIAL]
  			Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]]
  
  	ro		[KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
  
  	root=		[KNL] Root filesystem
  			See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
  
  	rootdelay=	[KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
  			mount the root filesystem
  
  	rootflags=	[KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
  
  	rootfstype=	[KNL] Set root filesystem type
  
  	rootwait	[KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
  			Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
  			(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
  
  	rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
  			[KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
  			Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
  			managed by CMA.
  
  	rw		[KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
  
  	S		[KNL] Run init in single mode
  
  	sa1100ir	[NET]
  			See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
  
  	sbni=		[NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
  
  	sched_debug	[KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
  
  	skew_tick=	[KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
  			xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
  			contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
  			1 -- enable.
  			Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
  			enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
  
  	security=	[SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
  			If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
  			security module asking for security registration will be
  			loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
  			as if no module has been chosen.
  
  	selinux=	[SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
  			0 -- disable.
  			1 -- enable.
  			Default value is set via kernel config option.
  			If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
  			later to disable prior to initial policy load.
  
  	apparmor=	[APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
  			Format: { "0" | "1" }
  			See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
  			0 -- disable.
  			1 -- enable.
  			Default value is set via kernel config option.
  
  	serialnumber	[BUGS=X86-32]
  
  	shapers=	[NET]
  			Maximal number of shapers.
  
  	show_msr=	[x86] show boot-time MSR settings
  			Format: { <integer> }
  			Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
  			The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
  			for example 1 means boot CPU only.
  
  	simeth=		[IA-64]
  	simscsi=
  
  	slram=		[HW,MTD]
  
  	slab_max_order=	[MM, SLAB]
  			Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
  			A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
  			fragmentation.  Defaults to 1 for systems with
  			more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
  
  	slub_debug[=options[,slabs]]	[MM, SLUB]
  			Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
  			culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
  			slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
  			may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
  			last alloc / free. For more information see
  			Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
  
  	slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
  			Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
  			A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
  			fragmentation. For more information see
  			Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
  
  	slub_min_objects=	[MM, SLUB]
  			The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
  			increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
  			generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
  			the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
  			of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
  			and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
  			For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
  
  	slub_min_order=	[MM, SLUB]
  			Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
  			lower than slub_max_order.
  			For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
  
  	slub_nomerge	[MM, SLUB]
  			Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
  			necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
  			allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
  			merging on their own.
  			For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
  
  	smart2=		[HW]
  			Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
  
  	smsc-ircc2.nopnp	[HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg=	[HW] Device configuration I/O port
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir=	[HW] SIR base I/O port
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir=	[HW] FIR base I/O port
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq=	[HW] IRQ line
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma=	[HW] DMA channel
  	smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
  				0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
  				1: Fast pin select (default)
  				2: ATC IRMode
  
  	softlockup_panic=
  			[KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
  			Format: <integer>
  
  	sonypi.*=	[HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
  			See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
  
  	specialix=	[HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter
  			See Documentation/serial/specialix.txt.
  
  	spia_io_base=	[HW,MTD]
  	spia_fio_base=
  	spia_pedr=
  	spia_peddr=
  
  	stacktrace	[FTRACE]
  			Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
  
  	stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
  			[FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
  			will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
  			list of functions. This list can be changed at run
  			time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
  			tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
  			and the stacktrace above is not needed.
  
  	sti=		[PARISC,HW]
  			Format: <num>
  			Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
  			machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
  			as the initial boot-console.
  			See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
  
  	sti_font=	[HW]
  			See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
  
  	stifb=		[HW]
  			Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
  
  	sunrpc.min_resvport=
  	sunrpc.max_resvport=
  			[NFS,SUNRPC]
  			SunRPC servers often require that client requests
  			originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
  			range 0 < portnr < 1024).
  			An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
  			ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
  			kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
  			using these two parameters to set the minimum and
  			maximum port values.
  
  	sunrpc.pool_mode=
  			[NFS]
  			Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
  			service thread pools.  Depending on how many NICs
  			you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
  			option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
  			Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
  			NFS server is running.
  
  			auto	    the server chooses an appropriate mode
  				    automatically using heuristics
  			global	    a single global pool contains all CPUs
  			percpu	    one pool for each CPU
  			pernode	    one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
  				    to global on non-NUMA machines)
  
  	sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
  	sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
  			[NFS,SUNRPC]
  			Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
  			RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
  			server. Increasing these values may allow you to
  			improve throughput, but will also increase the
  			amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
  
  	swapaccount=[0|1]
  			[KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
  			controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
  			it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)
  
  	swiotlb=	[ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
  			Format: { <int> | force }
  			<int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
  			force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
  			         wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
  
  	switches=	[HW,M68k]
  
  	sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
  			Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
  			on older distributions. When this option is enabled
  			very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
  			is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
  			in older udev will not work anymore.
  			Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
  			the kernel configuration.
  
  	sysrq_always_enabled
  			[KNL]
  			Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
  			neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
  			Useful for debugging.
  
  	tdfx=		[HW,DRM]
  
  	test_suspend=	[SUSPEND]
  			Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
  			standby suspend) as the system sleep state to briefly
  			enter during system startup.  The system is woken from
  			this state using a wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
  
  	thash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
  			Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
  
  	thermal.act=	[HW,ACPI]
  			-1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
  			<degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
  
  	thermal.crt=	[HW,ACPI]
  			-1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
  			<degrees C>: override all critical trip points
  
  	thermal.nocrt=	[HW,ACPI]
  			Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
  			critical and hot trip points.
  
  	thermal.off=	[HW,ACPI]
  			1: disable ACPI thermal control
  
  	thermal.psv=	[HW,ACPI]
  			-1: disable all passive trip points
  			<degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
  			value
  
  	thermal.tzp=	[HW,ACPI]
  			Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
  			<deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
  			0: no polling (default)
  
  	threadirqs	[KNL]
  			Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
  			marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
  
  	tmem		[KNL,XEN]
  			Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
  
  	tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
  			Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
  			API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
  
  	tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
  			Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
  			API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
  			the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
  
  	tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
  			Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
  			to the hypervisor.
  
  	tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
  			Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
  			transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
  			kernel based on different criteria.
  
  	topology=	[S390]
  			Format: {off | on}
  			Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
  			topology information if the hardware supports this.
  			The scheduler will make use of this information and
  			e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
  			Default is on.
  
  	tp720=		[HW,PS2]
  
  	tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
  			Format: integer pcr id
  			Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
  			should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
  			as a workaround for some chips which fail to
  			flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
  			This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
  			are saved.
  
  	trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
  			[FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size.
  
  	trace_event=[event-list]
  			[FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
  			to facilitate early boot debugging.
  			See also Documentation/trace/events.txt
  
  	trace_options=[option-list]
  			[FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
  			The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
  			that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
  			to echo the option name into
  
  			    /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
  
  			For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
  			stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
  
  			      trace_options=stacktrace
  
  			See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
  			section.
  
  	traceoff_on_warning
  			[FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
  			warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
  			be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
  			file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
  
  			This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
  			the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
  			be filled with content caused by the warning output.
  
  			This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
  			option:  kernel/traceoff_on_warning
  
  	transparent_hugepage=
  			[KNL]
  			Format: [always|madvise|never]
  			Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
  			with respect to transparent hugepages.
  			See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
  
  	tsc=		Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
  			Format: <string>
  			[x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
  			disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
  			as the stability checks done at bootup.	Used to enable
  			high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
  			virtualized environment.
  			[x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
  			Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
  			platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
  			can add overhead.
  
  	turbografx.map[2|3]=	[HW,JOY]
  			TurboGraFX parallel port interface
  			Format:
  			<port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
  			See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
  
  	udbg-immortal	[PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
  			happen after console_init() and before a proper 
  			console driver takes over, this boot options might
  			help "seeing" what's going on.
  
  	uhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
  			Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
  
  	uhci-hcd.ignore_oc=
  			[USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
  			Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
  			bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
  			anything.  Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
  			Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
  			reported either.
  
  	unknown_nmi_panic
  			[X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
  
  	usbcore.authorized_default=
  			[USB] Default USB device authorization:
  			(default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
  			0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
  
  	usbcore.autosuspend=
  			[USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
  			for newly-detected USB devices (default 2).  This
  			is the time required before an idle device will be
  			autosuspended.  Devices for which the delay is set
  			to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
  
  	usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
  			[USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
  
  	usbcore.blinkenlights=
  			[USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
  
  	usbcore.old_scheme_first=
  			[USB] Start with the old device initialization
  			scheme (default 0 = off).
  
  	usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
  			[USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
  			usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
  
  	usbcore.use_both_schemes=
  			[USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
  			if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
  
  	usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
  			[USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
                          USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
  			(default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
  
  	usbhid.mousepoll=
  			[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
  
  	usb-storage.delay_use=
  			[UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
  			scanned for Logical Units (default 5).
  
  	usb-storage.quirks=
  			[UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
  			override the built-in unusual_devs list.  List
  			entries are separated by commas.  Each entry has
  			the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
  			and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
  			Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
  			to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
  				a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
  					of sense data);
  				b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
  					bytes of sense data);
  				c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
  					device capacity by one sector);
  				d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
  					READ_DISC_INFO command);
  				e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
  					READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
  				h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
  					reported device capacity by one
  					sector if the number is odd);
  				i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
  					device);
  				l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
  					unlock ejectable media);
  				m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
  					than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
  				n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
  					initial READ(10) command);
  				o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
  					reported by the device);
  				p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
  					by default);
  				r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
  					bogus residue values);
  				s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
  					Logical Unit);
  				w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
  					medium is write-protected).
  			Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
  
  	user_debug=	[KNL,ARM]
  			Format: <int>
  			See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
  				 1 - undefined instruction events
  				 2 - system calls
  				 4 - invalid data aborts
  				 8 - SIGSEGV faults
  				16 - SIGBUS faults
  			Example: user_debug=31
  
  	userpte=
  			[X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
  
  				nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
  					HIGHMEM regardless of setting
  					of CONFIG_HIGHPTE.
  
  	vdso=		[X86,SH]
  			vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
  			vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)
  			vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
  
  	vdso32=		[X86]
  			vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
  			vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default)
  			vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping
  
  	vector=		[IA-64,SMP]
  			vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
  
  	video=		[FB] Frame buffer configuration
  			See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
  
  	video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
  			If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
  			generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
  			level and then send out the event to user space through
  			the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
  			will only send out the event without touching backlight
  			brightness level.
  			default: 1
  
  	virtio_mmio.device=
  			[VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
  
  				<size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
  			where:
  				<size>     := size (can use standard suffixes
  						like K, M and G)
  				<baseaddr> := physical base address
  				<irq>      := interrupt number (as passed to
  						request_irq())
  				<id>       := (optional) platform device id
  			example:
  				virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
  
  			Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
  
  	vga=		[BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
  			See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
  			Documentation/svga.txt.
  			Use vga=ask for menu.
  			This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
  			passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
  
  	vmalloc=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
  			size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
  			minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
  			decrease the size and leave more room for directly
  			mapped kernel RAM.
  
  	vmhalt=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
  			Format: <command>
  
  	vmpanic=	[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
  			Format: <command>
  
  	vmpoff=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
  			Format: <command>
  
  	vsyscall=	[X86-64]
  			Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
  			fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
  			code).  Most statically-linked binaries and older
  			versions of glibc use these calls.  Because these
  			functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
  			targets for exploits that can control RIP.
  
  			emulate     [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
  			            emulated reasonably safely.
  
  			native      Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
  			            This is a little bit faster than trapping
  			            and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
  			            better than they would in emulation mode.
  			            It also makes exploits much easier to write.
  
  			none        Vsyscalls don't work at all.  This makes
  			            them quite hard to use for exploits but
  			            might break your system.
  
  	vt.color=	[VT] Default text color.
  			Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
  			Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
  
  	vt.cur_default=	[VT] Default cursor shape.
  			Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
  			the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
  			see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
  
  	vt.default_blu=	[VT]
  			Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
  			Change the default blue palette of the console.
  			This is a 16-member array composed of values
  			ranging from 0-255.
  
  	vt.default_grn=	[VT]
  			Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
  			Change the default green palette of the console.
  			This is a 16-member array composed of values
  			ranging from 0-255.
  
  	vt.default_red=	[VT]
  			Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
  			Change the default red palette of the console.
  			This is a 16-member array composed of values
  			ranging from 0-255.
  
  	vt.default_utf8=
  			[VT]
  			Format=<0|1>
  			Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
  			Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
  			newly opened terminals.
  
  	vt.global_cursor_default=
  			[VT]
  			Format=<-1|0|1>
  			Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
  			is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
  			i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
  			overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
  			cursors, 1 will display them.
  
  	vt.italic=	[VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
  			Default: 2 = green.
  
  	vt.underline=	[VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
  			Default: 3 = cyan.
  
  	watchdog timers	[HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
  			see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
  			or other driver-specific files in the
  			Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
  
  	workqueue.disable_numa
  			By default, all work items queued to unbound
  			workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
  			issued on, which results in better behavior in
  			general.  If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
  			whatever reason, this option can be used.  Note
  			that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
  			workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
  
  	workqueue.power_efficient
  			Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
  			they show better performance thanks to cache
  			locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
  			be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
  
  			Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
  			were observed to contribute significantly to power
  			consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
  			power usage at the cost of small performance
  			overhead.
  
  			The default value of this parameter is determined by
  			the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
  
  	x2apic_phys	[X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
  			default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
  			supporting x2apic.
  
  	x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
  			Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform.
  			Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
  			plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
  			x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
  
  	xen_emul_unplug=		[HW,X86,XEN]
  			Unplug Xen emulated devices
  			Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
  			ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
  			aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
  			nics -- unplug network devices
  			all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
  			unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
  				unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
  				the unplug protocol
  			never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
  
  	xen_nopvspin	[X86,XEN]
  			Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV
  			optimizations.
  
  	xirc2ps_cs=	[NET,PCMCIA]
  			Format:
  			<irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
  
  ______________________________________________________________________
  
  TODO:
  
  	Add more DRM drivers.