The intent of this file is to give a brief summary of hugetlbpage support in
  the Linux kernel.  This support is built on top of multiple page size support
  that is provided by most modern architectures.  For example, i386
  architecture supports 4K and 4M (2M in PAE mode) page sizes, ia64
  architecture supports multiple page sizes 4K, 8K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M,
  256M and ppc64 supports 4K and 16M.  A TLB is a cache of virtual-to-physical
  translations.  Typically this is a very scarce resource on processor.
  Operating systems try to make best use of limited number of TLB resources.
  This optimization is more critical now as bigger and bigger physical memories
  (several GBs) are more readily available.
  
  Users can use the huge page support in Linux kernel by either using the mmap
  system call or standard SYSV shared memory system calls (shmget, shmat).
  
  First the Linux kernel needs to be built with the CONFIG_HUGETLBFS
  (present under "File systems") and CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE (selected
  automatically when CONFIG_HUGETLBFS is selected) configuration
  options.
  
  The /proc/meminfo file provides information about the total number of
  persistent hugetlb pages in the kernel's huge page pool.  It also displays
  information about the number of free, reserved and surplus huge pages and the
  default huge page size.  The huge page size is needed for generating the
  proper alignment and size of the arguments to system calls that map huge page
  regions.
  
  The output of "cat /proc/meminfo" will include lines like:
  
  .....
  HugePages_Total: vvv
  HugePages_Free:  www
  HugePages_Rsvd:  xxx
  HugePages_Surp:  yyy
  Hugepagesize:    zzz kB
  
  where:
  HugePages_Total is the size of the pool of huge pages.
  HugePages_Free  is the number of huge pages in the pool that are not yet
                  allocated.
  HugePages_Rsvd  is short for "reserved," and is the number of huge pages for
                  which a commitment to allocate from the pool has been made,
                  but no allocation has yet been made.  Reserved huge pages
                  guarantee that an application will be able to allocate a
                  huge page from the pool of huge pages at fault time.
  HugePages_Surp  is short for "surplus," and is the number of huge pages in
                  the pool above the value in /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages. The
                  maximum number of surplus huge pages is controlled by
                  /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages.
  
  /proc/filesystems should also show a filesystem of type "hugetlbfs" configured
  in the kernel.
  
  /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages indicates the current number of "persistent" huge
  pages in the kernel's huge page pool.  "Persistent" huge pages will be
  returned to the huge page pool when freed by a task.  A user with root
  privileges can dynamically allocate more or free some persistent huge pages
  by increasing or decreasing the value of 'nr_hugepages'.
  
  Pages that are used as huge pages are reserved inside the kernel and cannot
  be used for other purposes.  Huge pages cannot be swapped out under
  memory pressure.
  
  Once a number of huge pages have been pre-allocated to the kernel huge page
  pool, a user with appropriate privilege can use either the mmap system call
  or shared memory system calls to use the huge pages.  See the discussion of
  Using Huge Pages, below.
  
  The administrator can allocate persistent huge pages on the kernel boot
  command line by specifying the "hugepages=N" parameter, where 'N' = the
  number of huge pages requested.  This is the most reliable method of
  allocating huge pages as memory has not yet become fragmented.
  
  Some platforms support multiple huge page sizes.  To allocate huge pages
  of a specific size, one must precede the huge pages boot command parameters
  with a huge page size selection parameter "hugepagesz=<size>".  <size> must
  be specified in bytes with optional scale suffix [kKmMgG].  The default huge
  page size may be selected with the "default_hugepagesz=<size>" boot parameter.
  
  When multiple huge page sizes are supported, /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
  indicates the current number of pre-allocated huge pages of the default size.
  Thus, one can use the following command to dynamically allocate/deallocate
  default sized persistent huge pages:
  
  	echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages
  
  This command will try to adjust the number of default sized huge pages in the
  huge page pool to 20, allocating or freeing huge pages, as required.
  
  On a NUMA platform, the kernel will attempt to distribute the huge page pool
  over all the set of allowed nodes specified by the NUMA memory policy of the
  task that modifies nr_hugepages.  The default for the allowed nodes--when the
  task has default memory policy--is all on-line nodes with memory.  Allowed
  nodes with insufficient available, contiguous memory for a huge page will be
  silently skipped when allocating persistent huge pages.  See the discussion
  below of the interaction of task memory policy, cpusets and per node attributes
  with the allocation and freeing of persistent huge pages.
  
  The success or failure of huge page allocation depends on the amount of
  physically contiguous memory that is present in system at the time of the
  allocation attempt.  If the kernel is unable to allocate huge pages from
  some nodes in a NUMA system, it will attempt to make up the difference by
  allocating extra pages on other nodes with sufficient available contiguous
  memory, if any.
  
  System administrators may want to put this command in one of the local rc
  init files.  This will enable the kernel to allocate huge pages early in
  the boot process when the possibility of getting physical contiguous pages
  is still very high.  Administrators can verify the number of huge pages
  actually allocated by checking the sysctl or meminfo.  To check the per node
  distribution of huge pages in a NUMA system, use:
  
  	cat /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo | fgrep Huge
  
  /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages specifies how large the pool of
  huge pages can grow, if more huge pages than /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages are
  requested by applications.  Writing any non-zero value into this file
  indicates that the hugetlb subsystem is allowed to try to obtain that
  number of "surplus" huge pages from the kernel's normal page pool, when the
  persistent huge page pool is exhausted. As these surplus huge pages become
  unused, they are freed back to the kernel's normal page pool.
  
  When increasing the huge page pool size via nr_hugepages, any existing surplus
  pages will first be promoted to persistent huge pages.  Then, additional
  huge pages will be allocated, if necessary and if possible, to fulfill
  the new persistent huge page pool size.
  
  The administrator may shrink the pool of persistent huge pages for
  the default huge page size by setting the nr_hugepages sysctl to a
  smaller value.  The kernel will attempt to balance the freeing of huge pages
  across all nodes in the memory policy of the task modifying nr_hugepages.
  Any free huge pages on the selected nodes will be freed back to the kernel's
  normal page pool.
  
  Caveat: Shrinking the persistent huge page pool via nr_hugepages such that
  it becomes less than the number of huge pages in use will convert the balance
  of the in-use huge pages to surplus huge pages.  This will occur even if
  the number of surplus pages it would exceed the overcommit value.  As long as
  this condition holds--that is, until nr_hugepages+nr_overcommit_hugepages is
  increased sufficiently, or the surplus huge pages go out of use and are freed--
  no more surplus huge pages will be allowed to be allocated.
  
  With support for multiple huge page pools at run-time available, much of
  the huge page userspace interface in /proc/sys/vm has been duplicated in sysfs.
  The /proc interfaces discussed above have been retained for backwards
  compatibility. The root huge page control directory in sysfs is:
  
  	/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages
  
  For each huge page size supported by the running kernel, a subdirectory
  will exist, of the form:
  
  	hugepages-${size}kB
  
  Inside each of these directories, the same set of files will exist:
  
  	nr_hugepages
  	nr_hugepages_mempolicy
  	nr_overcommit_hugepages
  	free_hugepages
  	resv_hugepages
  	surplus_hugepages
  
  which function as described above for the default huge page-sized case.
  
  
  Interaction of Task Memory Policy with Huge Page Allocation/Freeing
  ===================================================================
  
  Whether huge pages are allocated and freed via the /proc interface or
  the /sysfs interface using the nr_hugepages_mempolicy attribute, the NUMA
  nodes from which huge pages are allocated or freed are controlled by the
  NUMA memory policy of the task that modifies the nr_hugepages_mempolicy
  sysctl or attribute.  When the nr_hugepages attribute is used, mempolicy
  is ignored.
  
  The recommended method to allocate or free huge pages to/from the kernel
  huge page pool, using the nr_hugepages example above, is:
  
      numactl --interleave <node-list> echo 20 \
  				>/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages_mempolicy
  
  or, more succinctly:
  
      numactl -m <node-list> echo 20 >/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages_mempolicy
  
  This will allocate or free abs(20 - nr_hugepages) to or from the nodes
  specified in <node-list>, depending on whether number of persistent huge pages
  is initially less than or greater than 20, respectively.  No huge pages will be
  allocated nor freed on any node not included in the specified <node-list>.
  
  When adjusting the persistent hugepage count via nr_hugepages_mempolicy, any
  memory policy mode--bind, preferred, local or interleave--may be used.  The
  resulting effect on persistent huge page allocation is as follows:
  
  1) Regardless of mempolicy mode [see Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt],
     persistent huge pages will be distributed across the node or nodes
     specified in the mempolicy as if "interleave" had been specified.
     However, if a node in the policy does not contain sufficient contiguous
     memory for a huge page, the allocation will not "fallback" to the nearest
     neighbor node with sufficient contiguous memory.  To do this would cause
     undesirable imbalance in the distribution of the huge page pool, or
     possibly, allocation of persistent huge pages on nodes not allowed by
     the task's memory policy.
  
  2) One or more nodes may be specified with the bind or interleave policy.
     If more than one node is specified with the preferred policy, only the
     lowest numeric id will be used.  Local policy will select the node where
     the task is running at the time the nodes_allowed mask is constructed.
     For local policy to be deterministic, the task must be bound to a cpu or
     cpus in a single node.  Otherwise, the task could be migrated to some
     other node at any time after launch and the resulting node will be
     indeterminate.  Thus, local policy is not very useful for this purpose.
     Any of the other mempolicy modes may be used to specify a single node.
  
  3) The nodes allowed mask will be derived from any non-default task mempolicy,
     whether this policy was set explicitly by the task itself or one of its
     ancestors, such as numactl.  This means that if the task is invoked from a
     shell with non-default policy, that policy will be used.  One can specify a
     node list of "all" with numactl --interleave or --membind [-m] to achieve
     interleaving over all nodes in the system or cpuset.
  
  4) Any task mempolicy specifed--e.g., using numactl--will be constrained by
     the resource limits of any cpuset in which the task runs.  Thus, there will
     be no way for a task with non-default policy running in a cpuset with a
     subset of the system nodes to allocate huge pages outside the cpuset
     without first moving to a cpuset that contains all of the desired nodes.
  
  5) Boot-time huge page allocation attempts to distribute the requested number
     of huge pages over all on-lines nodes with memory.
  
  Per Node Hugepages Attributes
  =============================
  
  A subset of the contents of the root huge page control directory in sysfs,
  described above, will be replicated under each the system device of each
  NUMA node with memory in:
  
  	/sys/devices/system/node/node[0-9]*/hugepages/
  
  Under this directory, the subdirectory for each supported huge page size
  contains the following attribute files:
  
  	nr_hugepages
  	free_hugepages
  	surplus_hugepages
  
  The free_' and surplus_' attribute files are read-only.  They return the number
  of free and surplus [overcommitted] huge pages, respectively, on the parent
  node.
  
  The nr_hugepages attribute returns the total number of huge pages on the
  specified node.  When this attribute is written, the number of persistent huge
  pages on the parent node will be adjusted to the specified value, if sufficient
  resources exist, regardless of the task's mempolicy or cpuset constraints.
  
  Note that the number of overcommit and reserve pages remain global quantities,
  as we don't know until fault time, when the faulting task's mempolicy is
  applied, from which node the huge page allocation will be attempted.
  
  
  Using Huge Pages
  ================
  
  If the user applications are going to request huge pages using mmap system
  call, then it is required that system administrator mount a file system of
  type hugetlbfs:
  
    mount -t hugetlbfs \
  	-o uid=<value>,gid=<value>,mode=<value>,size=<value>,nr_inodes=<value> \
  	none /mnt/huge
  
  This command mounts a (pseudo) filesystem of type hugetlbfs on the directory
  /mnt/huge.  Any files created on /mnt/huge uses huge pages.  The uid and gid
  options sets the owner and group of the root of the file system.  By default
  the uid and gid of the current process are taken.  The mode option sets the
  mode of root of file system to value & 0777.  This value is given in octal.
  By default the value 0755 is picked. The size option sets the maximum value of
  memory (huge pages) allowed for that filesystem (/mnt/huge). The size is
  rounded down to HPAGE_SIZE.  The option nr_inodes sets the maximum number of
  inodes that /mnt/huge can use.  If the size or nr_inodes option is not
  provided on command line then no limits are set.  For size and nr_inodes
  options, you can use [G|g]/[M|m]/[K|k] to represent giga/mega/kilo. For
  example, size=2K has the same meaning as size=2048.
  
  While read system calls are supported on files that reside on hugetlb
  file systems, write system calls are not.
  
  Regular chown, chgrp, and chmod commands (with right permissions) could be
  used to change the file attributes on hugetlbfs.
  
  Also, it is important to note that no such mount command is required if the
  applications are going to use only shmat/shmget system calls or mmap with
  MAP_HUGETLB.  Users who wish to use hugetlb page via shared memory segment
  should be a member of a supplementary group and system admin needs to
  configure that gid into /proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group.  It is possible for
  same or different applications to use any combination of mmaps and shm*
  calls, though the mount of filesystem will be required for using mmap calls
  without MAP_HUGETLB.  For an example of how to use mmap with MAP_HUGETLB see
  map_hugetlb.c.
  
  Examples
  ========
  
  1) map_hugetlb: see tools/testing/selftests/vm/map_hugetlb.c
  
  2) hugepage-shm:  see tools/testing/selftests/vm/hugepage-shm.c
  
  3) hugepage-mmap:  see tools/testing/selftests/vm/hugepage-mmap.c
  
  4) The libhugetlbfs (http://libhugetlbfs.sourceforge.net) library provides a
     wide range of userspace tools to help with huge page usability, environment
     setup, and control. Furthermore it provides useful test cases that should be
     used when modifying code to ensure no regressions are introduced.