The Frame Buffer Device
  			-----------------------
  
  Maintained by Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
  Last revised: May 10, 2001
  
  
  0. Introduction
  ---------------
  
  The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It
  represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application
  software to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so
  the software doesn't need to know anything about the low-level (hardware
  register) stuff.
  
  The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the
  /dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
  
  
  1. User's View of /dev/fb*
  --------------------------
  
  From the user's point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any
  other device in /dev. It's a character device using major 29; the minor
  specifies the frame buffer number.
  
  By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device
  minor numbers):
  
        0 = /dev/fb0	First frame buffer
        1 = /dev/fb1	Second frame buffer
  	  ...
       31 = /dev/fb31	32nd frame buffer
  
  For backwards compatibility, you may want to create the following symbolic
  links:
  
      /dev/fb0current -> fb0
      /dev/fb1current -> fb1
  
  and so on...
  
  The frame buffer devices are also `normal' memory devices, this means, you can
  read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by
  
    cp /dev/fb0 myfile
  
  There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a
  graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame
  buffer devices (/dev/fb0 and /dev/fb1 etc.) work independently.
  
  Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will
  use /dev/fb0 by default (older software uses /dev/fb0current). You can specify
  an alternative frame buffer device by setting the environment variable
  $FRAMEBUFFER to the path name of a frame buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash
  users):
  
      export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1
  
  or (for csh users):
  
      setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb1
  
  After this the X server will use the second frame buffer.
  
  
  2. Programmer's View of /dev/fb*
  --------------------------------
  
  As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and
  it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in
  it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that
  appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of
  some video hardware.
  
  /dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about
  the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls,
  too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on
  which data structures they work. Here's just a brief overview:
  
    - You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name,
      organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, ...) and address
      and length of the screen memory.
  
    - You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like
      visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on.
      If you try to change that information, the driver maybe will round up some
      values to meet the hardware's capabilities (or return EINVAL if that isn't
      possible).
  
    - You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16
      bits per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all 
      existing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to apply 
      it to the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away 
      transparency).
  
  All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs
  easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and
  thus doesn't need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete
  hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped,
  unaccelerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into
  application programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels
  etc.), because it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
  
  For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
  the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
  a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
  Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
  much trouble...
  
  
  3. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance
  --------------------------------------
  
  Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility `fbset'. It can
  change the video mode properties of a frame buffer device. Its main usage is
  to change the current video mode, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.*
  or /etc/init.d/* files.
  
  Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can
  easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier.
  
  
  4. The X Server
  ---------------
  
  The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame
  buffer device. Starting with XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part of
  XFree86 and has 2 modes:
  
    - If the `Display' subsection for the `fbdev' driver in the /etc/XF86Config
      file contains a
  
  	Modes "default"
  
      line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start
      up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if set). You
      still have to specify the color depth (using the Depth keyword) and virtual
      resolution (using the Virtual keyword) though. This is the default for the
      configuration file supplied with XFree86. It's the most simple
      configuration, but it has some limitations.
  
    - Therefore it's also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config
      file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the
      same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that's used is still
      /dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are
      defined by /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to
      specify the timings in a different format (but `fbset -x' may help).
  
  To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn't
  work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
  
  
  5. Video Mode Timings
  ---------------------
  
  A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron
  beams for color models, 1 electron beam for monochrome monitors). The front of
  the screen is covered by a pattern of colored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor
  is hit by an electron, it emits a photon and thus becomes visible.
  
  The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and
  from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the
  electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
  
  After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the
  screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the
  whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner:
  this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical
  retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
  
  The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the
  dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions
  of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
  
      1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
  
  If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take
  
      640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
  
  to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace
  also takes time (e.g. 272 `pixels'), so a full scanline takes
  
      (640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
  
  We'll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
  
      1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
  
  A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical
  retrace too (e.g. 49 `lines'). So a full screen will take
  
      (480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
  
  The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
  
      1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
  
  This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a
  stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of
  at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people
  can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I'll notice if it's less than 80 Hz.
  
  Since the monitor doesn't know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board
  will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each
  scanline.  Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or
  vsync) for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is
  influenced by the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
  
  The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is
  the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the
  vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the
  vsync length.
  
    +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
    |          |                ↑                            |          |       |
    |          |                |upper_margin                |          |       |
    |          |                ↓                            |          |       |
    +----------###############################################----------+-------+
    |          #                ↑                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |   left   #                |                            #  right   | hsync |
    |  margin  #                |       xres                 #  margin  |  len  |
    |<-------->#<---------------+--------------------------->#<-------->|<----->|
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |yres                        #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                |                            #          |       |
    |          #                ↓                            #          |       |
    +----------###############################################----------+-------+
    |          |                ↑                            |          |       |
    |          |                |lower_margin                |          |       |
    |          |                ↓                            |          |       |
    +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
    |          |                ↑                            |          |       |
    |          |                |vsync_len                   |          |       |
    |          |                ↓                            |          |       |
    +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
  
  The frame buffer device expects all horizontal timings in number of dotclocks
  (in picoseconds, 1E-12 s), and vertical timings in number of scanlines.
  
  
  6. Converting XFree86 timing values info frame buffer device timings
  --------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  An XFree86 mode line consists of the following fields:
   "800x600"     50      800  856  976 1040    600  637  643  666
   < name >     DCF       HR  SH1  SH2  HFL     VR  SV1  SV2  VFL
  
  The frame buffer device uses the following fields:
  
    - pixclock: pixel clock in ps (pico seconds)
    - left_margin: time from sync to picture
    - right_margin: time from picture to sync
    - upper_margin: time from sync to picture
    - lower_margin: time from picture to sync
    - hsync_len: length of horizontal sync
    - vsync_len: length of vertical sync
  
  1) Pixelclock:
     xfree: in MHz
     fb: in picoseconds (ps)
  
     pixclock = 1000000 / DCF
  
  2) horizontal timings:
     left_margin = HFL - SH2
     right_margin = SH1 - HR
     hsync_len = SH2 - SH1
  
  3) vertical timings:
     upper_margin = VFL - SV2
     lower_margin = SV1 - VR
     vsync_len = SV2 - SV1
  
  Good examples for VESA timings can be found in the XFree86 source tree,
  under "xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree86/doc/modeDB.txt".
  
  
  7. References
  -------------
  
  For more specific information about the frame buffer device and its
  applications, please refer to the Linux-fbdev website:
  
      http://linux-fbdev.sourceforge.net/
  
  and to the following documentation:
  
    - The manual pages for fbset: fbset(8), fb.modes(5)
    - The manual pages for XFree86: XF68_FBDev(1), XF86Config(4/5)
    - The mighty kernel sources:
        o linux/drivers/video/
        o linux/include/linux/fb.h
        o linux/include/video/
  
  
  
  8. Mailing list
  ---------------
  
  There is a frame buffer device related mailing list at kernel.org:
  linux-fbdev@vger.kernel.org.
  
  Point your web browser to http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-fbdev/ for
  subscription information and archive browsing.
  
  
  9. Downloading
  --------------
  
  All necessary files can be found at
  
      ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/LOCAL/680x0/
  
  and on its mirrors.
  
  The latest version of fbset can be found at
  
      http://www.linux-fbdev.org/ 
  
    
  10. Credits                                                       
  ----------                                                       
                  
  This readme was written by Geert Uytterhoeven, partly based on the original
  `X-framebuffer.README' by Roman Hodek and Martin Schaller. Section 6 was
  provided by Frank Neumann.
  
  The frame buffer device abstraction was designed by Martin Schaller.