Asynchronous Transfers/Transforms API
  
  1 INTRODUCTION
  
  2 GENEALOGY
  
  3 USAGE
  3.1 General format of the API
  3.2 Supported operations
  3.3 Descriptor management
  3.4 When does the operation execute?
  3.5 When does the operation complete?
  3.6 Constraints
  3.7 Example
  
  4 DMAENGINE DRIVER DEVELOPER NOTES
  4.1 Conformance points
  4.2 "My application needs exclusive control of hardware channels"
  
  5 SOURCE
  
  ---
  
  1 INTRODUCTION
  
  The async_tx API provides methods for describing a chain of asynchronous
  bulk memory transfers/transforms with support for inter-transactional
  dependencies.  It is implemented as a dmaengine client that smooths over
  the details of different hardware offload engine implementations.  Code
  that is written to the API can optimize for asynchronous operation and
  the API will fit the chain of operations to the available offload
  resources.
  
  2 GENEALOGY
  
  The API was initially designed to offload the memory copy and
  xor-parity-calculations of the md-raid5 driver using the offload engines
  present in the Intel(R) Xscale series of I/O processors.  It also built
  on the 'dmaengine' layer developed for offloading memory copies in the
  network stack using Intel(R) I/OAT engines.  The following design
  features surfaced as a result:
  1/ implicit synchronous path: users of the API do not need to know if
     the platform they are running on has offload capabilities.  The
     operation will be offloaded when an engine is available and carried out
     in software otherwise.
  2/ cross channel dependency chains: the API allows a chain of dependent
     operations to be submitted, like xor->copy->xor in the raid5 case.  The
     API automatically handles cases where the transition from one operation
     to another implies a hardware channel switch.
  3/ dmaengine extensions to support multiple clients and operation types
     beyond 'memcpy'
  
  3 USAGE
  
  3.1 General format of the API:
  struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *
  async_<operation>(<op specific parameters>, struct async_submit ctl *submit)
  
  3.2 Supported operations:
  memcpy  - memory copy between a source and a destination buffer
  memset  - fill a destination buffer with a byte value
  xor     - xor a series of source buffers and write the result to a
  	  destination buffer
  xor_val - xor a series of source buffers and set a flag if the
  	  result is zero.  The implementation attempts to prevent
  	  writes to memory
  pq	- generate the p+q (raid6 syndrome) from a series of source buffers
  pq_val  - validate that a p and or q buffer are in sync with a given series of
  	  sources
  datap	- (raid6_datap_recov) recover a raid6 data block and the p block
  	  from the given sources
  2data	- (raid6_2data_recov) recover 2 raid6 data blocks from the given
  	  sources
  
  3.3 Descriptor management:
  The return value is non-NULL and points to a 'descriptor' when the operation
  has been queued to execute asynchronously.  Descriptors are recycled
  resources, under control of the offload engine driver, to be reused as
  operations complete.  When an application needs to submit a chain of
  operations it must guarantee that the descriptor is not automatically recycled
  before the dependency is submitted.  This requires that all descriptors be
  acknowledged by the application before the offload engine driver is allowed to
  recycle (or free) the descriptor.  A descriptor can be acked by one of the
  following methods:
  1/ setting the ASYNC_TX_ACK flag if no child operations are to be submitted
  2/ submitting an unacknowledged descriptor as a dependency to another
     async_tx call will implicitly set the acknowledged state.
  3/ calling async_tx_ack() on the descriptor.
  
  3.4 When does the operation execute?
  Operations do not immediately issue after return from the
  async_<operation> call.  Offload engine drivers batch operations to
  improve performance by reducing the number of mmio cycles needed to
  manage the channel.  Once a driver-specific threshold is met the driver
  automatically issues pending operations.  An application can force this
  event by calling async_tx_issue_pending_all().  This operates on all
  channels since the application has no knowledge of channel to operation
  mapping.
  
  3.5 When does the operation complete?
  There are two methods for an application to learn about the completion
  of an operation.
  1/ Call dma_wait_for_async_tx().  This call causes the CPU to spin while
     it polls for the completion of the operation.  It handles dependency
     chains and issuing pending operations.
  2/ Specify a completion callback.  The callback routine runs in tasklet
     context if the offload engine driver supports interrupts, or it is
     called in application context if the operation is carried out
     synchronously in software.  The callback can be set in the call to
     async_<operation>, or when the application needs to submit a chain of
     unknown length it can use the async_trigger_callback() routine to set a
     completion interrupt/callback at the end of the chain.
  
  3.6 Constraints:
  1/ Calls to async_<operation> are not permitted in IRQ context.  Other
     contexts are permitted provided constraint #2 is not violated.
  2/ Completion callback routines cannot submit new operations.  This
     results in recursion in the synchronous case and spin_locks being
     acquired twice in the asynchronous case.
  
  3.7 Example:
  Perform a xor->copy->xor operation where each operation depends on the
  result from the previous operation:
  
  void callback(void *param)
  {
  	struct completion *cmp = param;
  
  	complete(cmp);
  }
  
  void run_xor_copy_xor(struct page **xor_srcs,
  		      int xor_src_cnt,
  		      struct page *xor_dest,
  		      size_t xor_len,
  		      struct page *copy_src,
  		      struct page *copy_dest,
  		      size_t copy_len)
  {
  	struct dma_async_tx_descriptor *tx;
  	addr_conv_t addr_conv[xor_src_cnt];
  	struct async_submit_ctl submit;
  	addr_conv_t addr_conv[NDISKS];
  	struct completion cmp;
  
  	init_async_submit(&submit, ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST, NULL, NULL, NULL,
  			  addr_conv);
  	tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, xor_src_cnt, xor_len, &submit)
  
  	submit->depend_tx = tx;
  	tx = async_memcpy(copy_dest, copy_src, 0, 0, copy_len, &submit);
  
  	init_completion(&cmp);
  	init_async_submit(&submit, ASYNC_TX_XOR_DROP_DST | ASYNC_TX_ACK, tx,
  			  callback, &cmp, addr_conv);
  	tx = async_xor(xor_dest, xor_srcs, 0, xor_src_cnt, xor_len, &submit);
  
  	async_tx_issue_pending_all();
  
  	wait_for_completion(&cmp);
  }
  
  See include/linux/async_tx.h for more information on the flags.  See the
  ops_run_* and ops_complete_* routines in drivers/md/raid5.c for more
  implementation examples.
  
  4 DRIVER DEVELOPMENT NOTES
  
  4.1 Conformance points:
  There are a few conformance points required in dmaengine drivers to
  accommodate assumptions made by applications using the async_tx API:
  1/ Completion callbacks are expected to happen in tasklet context
  2/ dma_async_tx_descriptor fields are never manipulated in IRQ context
  3/ Use async_tx_run_dependencies() in the descriptor clean up path to
     handle submission of dependent operations
  
  4.2 "My application needs exclusive control of hardware channels"
  Primarily this requirement arises from cases where a DMA engine driver
  is being used to support device-to-memory operations.  A channel that is
  performing these operations cannot, for many platform specific reasons,
  be shared.  For these cases the dma_request_channel() interface is
  provided.
  
  The interface is:
  struct dma_chan *dma_request_channel(dma_cap_mask_t mask,
  				     dma_filter_fn filter_fn,
  				     void *filter_param);
  
  Where dma_filter_fn is defined as:
  typedef bool (*dma_filter_fn)(struct dma_chan *chan, void *filter_param);
  
  When the optional 'filter_fn' parameter is set to NULL
  dma_request_channel simply returns the first channel that satisfies the
  capability mask.  Otherwise, when the mask parameter is insufficient for
  specifying the necessary channel, the filter_fn routine can be used to
  disposition the available channels in the system. The filter_fn routine
  is called once for each free channel in the system.  Upon seeing a
  suitable channel filter_fn returns DMA_ACK which flags that channel to
  be the return value from dma_request_channel.  A channel allocated via
  this interface is exclusive to the caller, until dma_release_channel()
  is called.
  
  The DMA_PRIVATE capability flag is used to tag dma devices that should
  not be used by the general-purpose allocator.  It can be set at
  initialization time if it is known that a channel will always be
  private.  Alternatively, it is set when dma_request_channel() finds an
  unused "public" channel.
  
  A couple caveats to note when implementing a driver and consumer:
  1/ Once a channel has been privately allocated it will no longer be
     considered by the general-purpose allocator even after a call to
     dma_release_channel().
  2/ Since capabilities are specified at the device level a dma_device
     with multiple channels will either have all channels public, or all
     channels private.
  
  5 SOURCE
  
  include/linux/dmaengine.h: core header file for DMA drivers and api users
  drivers/dma/dmaengine.c: offload engine channel management routines
  drivers/dma/: location for offload engine drivers
  include/linux/async_tx.h: core header file for the async_tx api
  crypto/async_tx/async_tx.c: async_tx interface to dmaengine and common code
  crypto/async_tx/async_memcpy.c: copy offload
  crypto/async_tx/async_xor.c: xor and xor zero sum offload