Devres - Managed Device Resource
  ================================
  
  Tejun Heo	<teheo@suse.de>
  
  First draft	10 January 2007
  
  
  1. Intro			: Huh? Devres?
  2. Devres			: Devres in a nutshell
  3. Devres Group			: Group devres'es and release them together
  4. Details			: Life time rules, calling context, ...
  5. Overhead			: How much do we have to pay for this?
  6. List of managed interfaces	: Currently implemented managed interfaces
  
  
    1. Intro
    --------
  
  devres came up while trying to convert libata to use iomap.  Each
  iomapped address should be kept and unmapped on driver detach.  For
  example, a plain SFF ATA controller (that is, good old PCI IDE) in
  native mode makes use of 5 PCI BARs and all of them should be
  maintained.
  
  As with many other device drivers, libata low level drivers have
  sufficient bugs in ->remove and ->probe failure path.  Well, yes,
  that's probably because libata low level driver developers are lazy
  bunch, but aren't all low level driver developers?  After spending a
  day fiddling with braindamaged hardware with no document or
  braindamaged document, if it's finally working, well, it's working.
  
  For one reason or another, low level drivers don't receive as much
  attention or testing as core code, and bugs on driver detach or
  initialization failure don't happen often enough to be noticeable.
  Init failure path is worse because it's much less travelled while
  needs to handle multiple entry points.
  
  So, many low level drivers end up leaking resources on driver detach
  and having half broken failure path implementation in ->probe() which
  would leak resources or even cause oops when failure occurs.  iomap
  adds more to this mix.  So do msi and msix.
  
  
    2. Devres
    ---------
  
  devres is basically linked list of arbitrarily sized memory areas
  associated with a struct device.  Each devres entry is associated with
  a release function.  A devres can be released in several ways.  No
  matter what, all devres entries are released on driver detach.  On
  release, the associated release function is invoked and then the
  devres entry is freed.
  
  Managed interface is created for resources commonly used by device
  drivers using devres.  For example, coherent DMA memory is acquired
  using dma_alloc_coherent().  The managed version is called
  dmam_alloc_coherent().  It is identical to dma_alloc_coherent() except
  for the DMA memory allocated using it is managed and will be
  automatically released on driver detach.  Implementation looks like
  the following.
  
    struct dma_devres {
  	size_t		size;
  	void		*vaddr;
  	dma_addr_t	dma_handle;
    };
  
    static void dmam_coherent_release(struct device *dev, void *res)
    {
  	struct dma_devres *this = res;
  
  	dma_free_coherent(dev, this->size, this->vaddr, this->dma_handle);
    }
  
    dmam_alloc_coherent(dev, size, dma_handle, gfp)
    {
  	struct dma_devres *dr;
  	void *vaddr;
  
  	dr = devres_alloc(dmam_coherent_release, sizeof(*dr), gfp);
  	...
  
  	/* alloc DMA memory as usual */
  	vaddr = dma_alloc_coherent(...);
  	...
  
  	/* record size, vaddr, dma_handle in dr */
  	dr->vaddr = vaddr;
  	...
  
  	devres_add(dev, dr);
  
  	return vaddr;
    }
  
  If a driver uses dmam_alloc_coherent(), the area is guaranteed to be
  freed whether initialization fails half-way or the device gets
  detached.  If most resources are acquired using managed interface, a
  driver can have much simpler init and exit code.  Init path basically
  looks like the following.
  
    my_init_one()
    {
  	struct mydev *d;
  
  	d = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*d), GFP_KERNEL);
  	if (!d)
  		return -ENOMEM;
  
  	d->ring = dmam_alloc_coherent(...);
  	if (!d->ring)
  		return -ENOMEM;
  
  	if (check something)
  		return -EINVAL;
  	...
  
  	return register_to_upper_layer(d);
    }
  
  And exit path,
  
    my_remove_one()
    {
  	unregister_from_upper_layer(d);
  	shutdown_my_hardware();
    }
  
  As shown above, low level drivers can be simplified a lot by using
  devres.  Complexity is shifted from less maintained low level drivers
  to better maintained higher layer.  Also, as init failure path is
  shared with exit path, both can get more testing.
  
  
    3. Devres group
    ---------------
  
  Devres entries can be grouped using devres group.  When a group is
  released, all contained normal devres entries and properly nested
  groups are released.  One usage is to rollback series of acquired
  resources on failure.  For example,
  
    if (!devres_open_group(dev, NULL, GFP_KERNEL))
  	return -ENOMEM;
  
    acquire A;
    if (failed)
  	goto err;
  
    acquire B;
    if (failed)
  	goto err;
    ...
  
    devres_remove_group(dev, NULL);
    return 0;
  
   err:
    devres_release_group(dev, NULL);
    return err_code;
  
  As resource acquisition failure usually means probe failure, constructs
  like above are usually useful in midlayer driver (e.g. libata core
  layer) where interface function shouldn't have side effect on failure.
  For LLDs, just returning error code suffices in most cases.
  
  Each group is identified by void *id.  It can either be explicitly
  specified by @id argument to devres_open_group() or automatically
  created by passing NULL as @id as in the above example.  In both
  cases, devres_open_group() returns the group's id.  The returned id
  can be passed to other devres functions to select the target group.
  If NULL is given to those functions, the latest open group is
  selected.
  
  For example, you can do something like the following.
  
    int my_midlayer_create_something()
    {
  	if (!devres_open_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something, GFP_KERNEL))
  		return -ENOMEM;
  
  	...
  
  	devres_close_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something);
  	return 0;
    }
  
    void my_midlayer_destroy_something()
    {
  	devres_release_group(dev, my_midlayer_create_something);
    }
  
  
    4. Details
    ----------
  
  Lifetime of a devres entry begins on devres allocation and finishes
  when it is released or destroyed (removed and freed) - no reference
  counting.
  
  devres core guarantees atomicity to all basic devres operations and
  has support for single-instance devres types (atomic
  lookup-and-add-if-not-found).  Other than that, synchronizing
  concurrent accesses to allocated devres data is caller's
  responsibility.  This is usually non-issue because bus ops and
  resource allocations already do the job.
  
  For an example of single-instance devres type, read pcim_iomap_table()
  in lib/devres.c.
  
  All devres interface functions can be called without context if the
  right gfp mask is given.
  
  
    5. Overhead
    -----------
  
  Each devres bookkeeping info is allocated together with requested data
  area.  With debug option turned off, bookkeeping info occupies 16
  bytes on 32bit machines and 24 bytes on 64bit (three pointers rounded
  up to ull alignment).  If singly linked list is used, it can be
  reduced to two pointers (8 bytes on 32bit, 16 bytes on 64bit).
  
  Each devres group occupies 8 pointers.  It can be reduced to 6 if
  singly linked list is used.
  
  Memory space overhead on ahci controller with two ports is between 300
  and 400 bytes on 32bit machine after naive conversion (we can
  certainly invest a bit more effort into libata core layer).
  
  
    6. List of managed interfaces
    -----------------------------
  
  MEM
    devm_kzalloc()
    devm_kfree()
  
  IIO
    devm_iio_device_alloc()
    devm_iio_device_free()
    devm_iio_trigger_alloc()
    devm_iio_trigger_free()
    devm_iio_device_register()
    devm_iio_device_unregister()
  
  IO region
    devm_request_region()
    devm_request_mem_region()
    devm_release_region()
    devm_release_mem_region()
  
  IRQ
    devm_request_irq()
    devm_free_irq()
  
  DMA
    dmam_alloc_coherent()
    dmam_free_coherent()
    dmam_alloc_noncoherent()
    dmam_free_noncoherent()
    dmam_declare_coherent_memory()
    dmam_pool_create()
    dmam_pool_destroy()
  
  PCI
    pcim_enable_device()	: after success, all PCI ops become managed
    pcim_pin_device()	: keep PCI device enabled after release
  
  IOMAP
    devm_ioport_map()
    devm_ioport_unmap()
    devm_ioremap()
    devm_ioremap_nocache()
    devm_iounmap()
    devm_ioremap_resource() : checks resource, requests memory region, ioremaps
    devm_request_and_ioremap() : obsoleted by devm_ioremap_resource()
    pcim_iomap()
    pcim_iounmap()
    pcim_iomap_table()	: array of mapped addresses indexed by BAR
    pcim_iomap_regions()	: do request_region() and iomap() on multiple BARs
  
  REGULATOR
    devm_regulator_get()
    devm_regulator_put()
    devm_regulator_bulk_get()
    devm_regulator_register()
  
  CLOCK
    devm_clk_get()
    devm_clk_put()
  
  PINCTRL
    devm_pinctrl_get()
    devm_pinctrl_put()
  
  PWM
    devm_pwm_get()
    devm_pwm_put()
  
  PHY
    devm_usb_get_phy()
    devm_usb_put_phy()
  
  SLAVE DMA ENGINE
    devm_acpi_dma_controller_register()
  
  SPI
    devm_spi_register_master()