Freezing of tasks
  	(C) 2007 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, GPL
  
  I. What is the freezing of tasks?
  
  The freezing of tasks is a mechanism by which user space processes and some
  kernel threads are controlled during hibernation or system-wide suspend (on some
  architectures).
  
  II. How does it work?
  
  There are three per-task flags used for that, PF_NOFREEZE, PF_FROZEN
  and PF_FREEZER_SKIP (the last one is auxiliary).  The tasks that have
  PF_NOFREEZE unset (all user space processes and some kernel threads) are
  regarded as 'freezable' and treated in a special way before the system enters a
  suspend state as well as before a hibernation image is created (in what follows
  we only consider hibernation, but the description also applies to suspend).
  
  Namely, as the first step of the hibernation procedure the function
  freeze_processes() (defined in kernel/power/process.c) is called.  A system-wide
  variable system_freezing_cnt (as opposed to a per-task flag) is used to indicate
  whether the system is to undergo a freezing operation. And freeze_processes()
  sets this variable.  After this, it executes try_to_freeze_tasks() that sends a
  fake signal to all user space processes, and wakes up all the kernel threads.
  All freezable tasks must react to that by calling try_to_freeze(), which
  results in a call to __refrigerator() (defined in kernel/freezer.c), which sets
  the task's PF_FROZEN flag, changes its state to TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE and makes
  it loop until PF_FROZEN is cleared for it. Then, we say that the task is
  'frozen' and therefore the set of functions handling this mechanism is referred
  to as 'the freezer' (these functions are defined in kernel/power/process.c,
  kernel/freezer.c & include/linux/freezer.h). User space processes are generally
  frozen before kernel threads.
  
  __refrigerator() must not be called directly.  Instead, use the
  try_to_freeze() function (defined in include/linux/freezer.h), that checks
  if the task is to be frozen and makes the task enter __refrigerator().
  
  For user space processes try_to_freeze() is called automatically from the
  signal-handling code, but the freezable kernel threads need to call it
  explicitly in suitable places or use the wait_event_freezable() or
  wait_event_freezable_timeout() macros (defined in include/linux/freezer.h)
  that combine interruptible sleep with checking if the task is to be frozen and
  calling try_to_freeze().  The main loop of a freezable kernel thread may look
  like the following one:
  
  	set_freezable();
  	do {
  		hub_events();
  		wait_event_freezable(khubd_wait,
  				!list_empty(&hub_event_list) ||
  				kthread_should_stop());
  	} while (!kthread_should_stop() || !list_empty(&hub_event_list));
  
  (from drivers/usb/core/hub.c::hub_thread()).
  
  If a freezable kernel thread fails to call try_to_freeze() after the freezer has
  initiated a freezing operation, the freezing of tasks will fail and the entire
  hibernation operation will be cancelled.  For this reason, freezable kernel
  threads must call try_to_freeze() somewhere or use one of the
  wait_event_freezable() and wait_event_freezable_timeout() macros.
  
  After the system memory state has been restored from a hibernation image and
  devices have been reinitialized, the function thaw_processes() is called in
  order to clear the PF_FROZEN flag for each frozen task.  Then, the tasks that
  have been frozen leave __refrigerator() and continue running.
  
  
  Rationale behind the functions dealing with freezing and thawing of tasks:
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  freeze_processes():
    - freezes only userspace tasks
  
  freeze_kernel_threads():
    - freezes all tasks (including kernel threads) because we can't freeze
      kernel threads without freezing userspace tasks
  
  thaw_kernel_threads():
    - thaws only kernel threads; this is particularly useful if we need to do
      anything special in between thawing of kernel threads and thawing of
      userspace tasks, or if we want to postpone the thawing of userspace tasks
  
  thaw_processes():
    - thaws all tasks (including kernel threads) because we can't thaw userspace
      tasks without thawing kernel threads
  
  
  III. Which kernel threads are freezable?
  
  Kernel threads are not freezable by default.  However, a kernel thread may clear
  PF_NOFREEZE for itself by calling set_freezable() (the resetting of PF_NOFREEZE
  directly is not allowed).  From this point it is regarded as freezable
  and must call try_to_freeze() in a suitable place.
  
  IV. Why do we do that?
  
  Generally speaking, there is a couple of reasons to use the freezing of tasks:
  
  1. The principal reason is to prevent filesystems from being damaged after
  hibernation.  At the moment we have no simple means of checkpointing
  filesystems, so if there are any modifications made to filesystem data and/or
  metadata on disks, we cannot bring them back to the state from before the
  modifications.  At the same time each hibernation image contains some
  filesystem-related information that must be consistent with the state of the
  on-disk data and metadata after the system memory state has been restored from
  the image (otherwise the filesystems will be damaged in a nasty way, usually
  making them almost impossible to repair).  We therefore freeze tasks that might
  cause the on-disk filesystems' data and metadata to be modified after the
  hibernation image has been created and before the system is finally powered off.
  The majority of these are user space processes, but if any of the kernel threads
  may cause something like this to happen, they have to be freezable.
  
  2. Next, to create the hibernation image we need to free a sufficient amount of
  memory (approximately 50% of available RAM) and we need to do that before
  devices are deactivated, because we generally need them for swapping out.  Then,
  after the memory for the image has been freed, we don't want tasks to allocate
  additional memory and we prevent them from doing that by freezing them earlier.
  [Of course, this also means that device drivers should not allocate substantial
  amounts of memory from their .suspend() callbacks before hibernation, but this
  is a separate issue.]
  
  3. The third reason is to prevent user space processes and some kernel threads
  from interfering with the suspending and resuming of devices.  A user space
  process running on a second CPU while we are suspending devices may, for
  example, be troublesome and without the freezing of tasks we would need some
  safeguards against race conditions that might occur in such a case.
  
  Although Linus Torvalds doesn't like the freezing of tasks, he said this in one
  of the discussions on LKML (http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/4/27/608):
  
  "RJW:> Why we freeze tasks at all or why we freeze kernel threads?
  
  Linus: In many ways, 'at all'.
  
  I _do_ realize the IO request queue issues, and that we cannot actually do
  s2ram with some devices in the middle of a DMA.  So we want to be able to
  avoid *that*, there's no question about that.  And I suspect that stopping
  user threads and then waiting for a sync is practically one of the easier
  ways to do so.
  
  So in practice, the 'at all' may become a 'why freeze kernel threads?' and
  freezing user threads I don't find really objectionable."
  
  Still, there are kernel threads that may want to be freezable.  For example, if
  a kernel thread that belongs to a device driver accesses the device directly, it
  in principle needs to know when the device is suspended, so that it doesn't try
  to access it at that time.  However, if the kernel thread is freezable, it will
  be frozen before the driver's .suspend() callback is executed and it will be
  thawed after the driver's .resume() callback has run, so it won't be accessing
  the device while it's suspended.
  
  4. Another reason for freezing tasks is to prevent user space processes from
  realizing that hibernation (or suspend) operation takes place.  Ideally, user
  space processes should not notice that such a system-wide operation has occurred
  and should continue running without any problems after the restore (or resume
  from suspend).  Unfortunately, in the most general case this is quite difficult
  to achieve without the freezing of tasks.  Consider, for example, a process
  that depends on all CPUs being online while it's running.  Since we need to
  disable nonboot CPUs during the hibernation, if this process is not frozen, it
  may notice that the number of CPUs has changed and may start to work incorrectly
  because of that.
  
  V. Are there any problems related to the freezing of tasks?
  
  Yes, there are.
  
  First of all, the freezing of kernel threads may be tricky if they depend one
  on another.  For example, if kernel thread A waits for a completion (in the
  TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE state) that needs to be done by freezable kernel thread B
  and B is frozen in the meantime, then A will be blocked until B is thawed, which
  may be undesirable.  That's why kernel threads are not freezable by default.
  
  Second, there are the following two problems related to the freezing of user
  space processes:
  1. Putting processes into an uninterruptible sleep distorts the load average.
  2. Now that we have FUSE, plus the framework for doing device drivers in
  userspace, it gets even more complicated because some userspace processes are
  now doing the sorts of things that kernel threads do
  (https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/linux-pm/2007-May/012309.html).
  
  The problem 1. seems to be fixable, although it hasn't been fixed so far.  The
  other one is more serious, but it seems that we can work around it by using
  hibernation (and suspend) notifiers (in that case, though, we won't be able to
  avoid the realization by the user space processes that the hibernation is taking
  place).
  
  There are also problems that the freezing of tasks tends to expose, although
  they are not directly related to it.  For example, if request_firmware() is
  called from a device driver's .resume() routine, it will timeout and eventually
  fail, because the user land process that should respond to the request is frozen
  at this point.  So, seemingly, the failure is due to the freezing of tasks.
  Suppose, however, that the firmware file is located on a filesystem accessible
  only through another device that hasn't been resumed yet.  In that case,
  request_firmware() will fail regardless of whether or not the freezing of tasks
  is used.  Consequently, the problem is not really related to the freezing of
  tasks, since it generally exists anyway.
  
  A driver must have all firmwares it may need in RAM before suspend() is called.
  If keeping them is not practical, for example due to their size, they must be
  requested early enough using the suspend notifier API described in notifiers.txt.
  
  VI. Are there any precautions to be taken to prevent freezing failures?
  
  Yes, there are.
  
  First of all, grabbing the 'pm_mutex' lock to mutually exclude a piece of code
  from system-wide sleep such as suspend/hibernation is not encouraged.
  If possible, that piece of code must instead hook onto the suspend/hibernation
  notifiers to achieve mutual exclusion. Look at the CPU-Hotplug code
  (kernel/cpu.c) for an example.
  
  However, if that is not feasible, and grabbing 'pm_mutex' is deemed necessary,
  it is strongly discouraged to directly call mutex_[un]lock(&pm_mutex) since
  that could lead to freezing failures, because if the suspend/hibernate code
  successfully acquired the 'pm_mutex' lock, and hence that other entity failed
  to acquire the lock, then that task would get blocked in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE
  state. As a consequence, the freezer would not be able to freeze that task,
  leading to freezing failure.
  
  However, the [un]lock_system_sleep() APIs are safe to use in this scenario,
  since they ask the freezer to skip freezing this task, since it is anyway
  "frozen enough" as it is blocked on 'pm_mutex', which will be released
  only after the entire suspend/hibernation sequence is complete.
  So, to summarize, use [un]lock_system_sleep() instead of directly using
  mutex_[un]lock(&pm_mutex). That would prevent freezing failures.
  
  V. Miscellaneous
  /sys/power/pm_freeze_timeout controls how long it will cost at most to freeze
  all user space processes or all freezable kernel threads, in unit of millisecond.
  The default value is 20000, with range of unsigned integer.