REDUCING OS JITTER DUE TO PER-CPU KTHREADS
  
  This document lists per-CPU kthreads in the Linux kernel and presents
  options to control their OS jitter.  Note that non-per-CPU kthreads are
  not listed here.  To reduce OS jitter from non-per-CPU kthreads, bind
  them to a "housekeeping" CPU dedicated to such work.
  
  
  REFERENCES
  
  o	Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt:  Binding interrupts to sets of CPUs.
  
  o	Documentation/cgroups:  Using cgroups to bind tasks to sets of CPUs.
  
  o	man taskset:  Using the taskset command to bind tasks to sets
  	of CPUs.
  
  o	man sched_setaffinity:  Using the sched_setaffinity() system
  	call to bind tasks to sets of CPUs.
  
  o	/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuN/online:  Control CPU N's hotplug state,
  	writing "0" to offline and "1" to online.
  
  o	In order to locate kernel-generated OS jitter on CPU N:
  
  		cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
  		echo 1 > max_graph_depth # Increase the "1" for more detail
  		echo function_graph > current_tracer
  		# run workload
  		cat per_cpu/cpuN/trace
  
  
  KTHREADS
  
  Name: ehca_comp/%u
  Purpose: Periodically process Infiniband-related work.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do any of the following:
  1.	Don't use eHCA Infiniband hardware, instead choosing hardware
  	that does not require per-CPU kthreads.  This will prevent these
  	kthreads from being created in the first place.  (This will
  	work for most people, as this hardware, though important, is
  	relatively old and is produced in relatively low unit volumes.)
  2.	Do all eHCA-Infiniband-related work on other CPUs, including
  	interrupts.
  3.	Rework the eHCA driver so that its per-CPU kthreads are
  	provisioned only on selected CPUs.
  
  
  Name: irq/%d-%s
  Purpose: Handle threaded interrupts.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do the following:
  1.	Use irq affinity to force the irq threads to execute on
  	some other CPU.
  
  Name: kcmtpd_ctr_%d
  Purpose: Handle Bluetooth work.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do one of the following:
  1.	Don't use Bluetooth, in which case these kthreads won't be
  	created in the first place.
  2.	Use irq affinity to force Bluetooth-related interrupts to
  	occur on some other CPU and furthermore initiate all
  	Bluetooth activity on some other CPU.
  
  Name: ksoftirqd/%u
  Purpose: Execute softirq handlers when threaded or when under heavy load.
  To reduce its OS jitter, each softirq vector must be handled
  separately as follows:
  TIMER_SOFTIRQ:  Do all of the following:
  1.	To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel when it
  	is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system calls and by forcing
  	both kernel threads and interrupts to execute elsewhere.
  2.	Build with CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y.  After boot completes, force
  	the CPU offline, then bring it back online.  This forces
  	recurring timers to migrate elsewhere.	If you are concerned
  	with multiple CPUs, force them all offline before bringing the
  	first one back online.  Once you have onlined the CPUs in question,
  	do not offline any other CPUs, because doing so could force the
  	timer back onto one of the CPUs in question.
  NET_TX_SOFTIRQ and NET_RX_SOFTIRQ:  Do all of the following:
  1.	Force networking interrupts onto other CPUs.
  2.	Initiate any network I/O on other CPUs.
  3.	Once your application has started, prevent CPU-hotplug operations
  	from being initiated from tasks that might run on the CPU to
  	be de-jittered.  (It is OK to force this CPU offline and then
  	bring it back online before you start your application.)
  BLOCK_SOFTIRQ:  Do all of the following:
  1.	Force block-device interrupts onto some other CPU.
  2.	Initiate any block I/O on other CPUs.
  3.	Once your application has started, prevent CPU-hotplug operations
  	from being initiated from tasks that might run on the CPU to
  	be de-jittered.  (It is OK to force this CPU offline and then
  	bring it back online before you start your application.)
  BLOCK_IOPOLL_SOFTIRQ:  Do all of the following:
  1.	Force block-device interrupts onto some other CPU.
  2.	Initiate any block I/O and block-I/O polling on other CPUs.
  3.	Once your application has started, prevent CPU-hotplug operations
  	from being initiated from tasks that might run on the CPU to
  	be de-jittered.  (It is OK to force this CPU offline and then
  	bring it back online before you start your application.)
  TASKLET_SOFTIRQ: Do one or more of the following:
  1.	Avoid use of drivers that use tasklets.  (Such drivers will contain
  	calls to things like tasklet_schedule().)
  2.	Convert all drivers that you must use from tasklets to workqueues.
  3.	Force interrupts for drivers using tasklets onto other CPUs,
  	and also do I/O involving these drivers on other CPUs.
  SCHED_SOFTIRQ: Do all of the following:
  1.	Avoid sending scheduler IPIs to the CPU to be de-jittered,
  	for example, ensure that at most one runnable kthread is present
  	on that CPU.  If a thread that expects to run on the de-jittered
  	CPU awakens, the scheduler will send an IPI that can result in
  	a subsequent SCHED_SOFTIRQ.
  2.	Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y,
  	CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, and, in addition, ensure that the CPU
  	to be de-jittered is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using the
  	"nohz_full=" boot parameter.  This reduces the number of
  	scheduler-clock interrupts that the de-jittered CPU receives,
  	minimizing its chances of being selected to do the load balancing
  	work that runs in SCHED_SOFTIRQ context.
  3.	To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel when it
  	is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system calls and by
  	forcing both kernel threads and interrupts to execute elsewhere.
  	This further reduces the number of scheduler-clock interrupts
  	received by the de-jittered CPU.
  HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ:  Do all of the following:
  1.	To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel when it
  	is non-idle.  For example, avoid system calls and force both
  	kernel threads and interrupts to execute elsewhere.
  2.	Build with CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y.  Once boot completes, force the
  	CPU offline, then bring it back online.  This forces recurring
  	timers to migrate elsewhere.  If you are concerned with multiple
  	CPUs, force them all offline before bringing the first one
  	back online.  Once you have onlined the CPUs in question, do not
  	offline any other CPUs, because doing so could force the timer
  	back onto one of the CPUs in question.
  RCU_SOFTIRQ:  Do at least one of the following:
  1.	Offload callbacks and keep the CPU in either dyntick-idle or
  	adaptive-ticks state by doing all of the following:
  	a.	Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y,
  		CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, and, in addition ensure that the CPU
  		to be de-jittered is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using
  		the "nohz_full=" boot parameter.  Bind the rcuo kthreads
  		to housekeeping CPUs, which can tolerate OS jitter.
  	b.	To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel
  		when it is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system
  		calls and by forcing both kernel threads and interrupts
  		to execute elsewhere.
  2.	Enable RCU to do its processing remotely via dyntick-idle by
  	doing all of the following:
  	a.	Build with CONFIG_NO_HZ=y and CONFIG_RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y.
  	b.	Ensure that the CPU goes idle frequently, allowing other
  		CPUs to detect that it has passed through an RCU quiescent
  		state.	If the kernel is built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y,
  		userspace execution also allows other CPUs to detect that
  		the CPU in question has passed through a quiescent state.
  	c.	To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel
  		when it is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system
  		calls and by forcing both kernel threads and interrupts
  		to execute elsewhere.
  
  Name: kworker/%u:%d%s (cpu, id, priority)
  Purpose: Execute workqueue requests
  To reduce its OS jitter, do any of the following:
  1.	Run your workload at a real-time priority, which will allow
  	preempting the kworker daemons.
  2.	Do any of the following needed to avoid jitter that your
  	application cannot tolerate:
  	a.	Build your kernel with CONFIG_SLUB=y rather than
  		CONFIG_SLAB=y, thus avoiding the slab allocator's periodic
  		use of each CPU's workqueues to run its cache_reap()
  		function.
  	b.	Avoid using oprofile, thus avoiding OS jitter from
  		wq_sync_buffer().
  	c.	Limit your CPU frequency so that a CPU-frequency
  		governor is not required, possibly enlisting the aid of
  		special heatsinks or other cooling technologies.  If done
  		correctly, and if you CPU architecture permits, you should
  		be able to build your kernel with CONFIG_CPU_FREQ=n to
  		avoid the CPU-frequency governor periodically running
  		on each CPU, including cs_dbs_timer() and od_dbs_timer().
  		WARNING:  Please check your CPU specifications to
  		make sure that this is safe on your particular system.
  	d.	It is not possible to entirely get rid of OS jitter
  		from vmstat_update() on CONFIG_SMP=y systems, but you
  		can decrease its frequency by writing a large value
  		to /proc/sys/vm/stat_interval.	The default value is
  		HZ, for an interval of one second.  Of course, larger
  		values will make your virtual-memory statistics update
  		more slowly.  Of course, you can also run your workload
  		at a real-time priority, thus preempting vmstat_update(),
  		but if your workload is CPU-bound, this is a bad idea.
  		However, there is an RFC patch from Christoph Lameter
  		(based on an earlier one from Gilad Ben-Yossef) that
  		reduces or even eliminates vmstat overhead for some
  		workloads at https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/9/4/379.
  	e.	If running on high-end powerpc servers, build with
  		CONFIG_PPC_RTAS_DAEMON=n.  This prevents the RTAS
  		daemon from running on each CPU every second or so.
  		(This will require editing Kconfig files and will defeat
  		this platform's RAS functionality.)  This avoids jitter
  		due to the rtas_event_scan() function.
  		WARNING:  Please check your CPU specifications to
  		make sure that this is safe on your particular system.
  	f.	If running on Cell Processor, build your kernel with
  		CBE_CPUFREQ_SPU_GOVERNOR=n to avoid OS jitter from
  		spu_gov_work().
  		WARNING:  Please check your CPU specifications to
  		make sure that this is safe on your particular system.
  	g.	If running on PowerMAC, build your kernel with
  		CONFIG_PMAC_RACKMETER=n to disable the CPU-meter,
  		avoiding OS jitter from rackmeter_do_timer().
  
  Name: rcuc/%u
  Purpose: Execute RCU callbacks in CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y kernels.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do at least one of the following:
  1.	Build the kernel with CONFIG_PREEMPT=n.  This prevents these
  	kthreads from being created in the first place, and also obviates
  	the need for RCU priority boosting.  This approach is feasible
  	for workloads that do not require high degrees of responsiveness.
  2.	Build the kernel with CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=n.  This prevents these
  	kthreads from being created in the first place.  This approach
  	is feasible only if your workload never requires RCU priority
  	boosting, for example, if you ensure frequent idle time on all
  	CPUs that might execute within the kernel.
  3.	Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y and CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y,
  	which offloads all RCU callbacks to kthreads that can be moved
  	off of CPUs susceptible to OS jitter.  This approach prevents the
  	rcuc/%u kthreads from having any work to do, so that they are
  	never awakened.
  4.	Ensure that the CPU never enters the kernel, and, in particular,
  	avoid initiating any CPU hotplug operations on this CPU.  This is
  	another way of preventing any callbacks from being queued on the
  	CPU, again preventing the rcuc/%u kthreads from having any work
  	to do.
  
  Name: rcuob/%d, rcuop/%d, and rcuos/%d
  Purpose: Offload RCU callbacks from the corresponding CPU.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do at least one of the following:
  1.	Use affinity, cgroups, or other mechanism to force these kthreads
  	to execute on some other CPU.
  2.	Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=n, which will prevent these
  	kthreads from being created in the first place.  However, please
  	note that this will not eliminate OS jitter, but will instead
  	shift it to RCU_SOFTIRQ.
  
  Name: watchdog/%u
  Purpose: Detect software lockups on each CPU.
  To reduce its OS jitter, do at least one of the following:
  1.	Build with CONFIG_LOCKUP_DETECTOR=n, which will prevent these
  	kthreads from being created in the first place.
  2.	Echo a zero to /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog to disable the
  	watchdog timer.
  3.	Echo a large number of /proc/sys/kernel/watchdog_thresh in
  	order to reduce the frequency of OS jitter due to the watchdog
  	timer down to a level that is acceptable for your workload.